The American chrysanthemum annual 1895

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Chrysanthemum Annual

1895

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EDITED BY

MICHAEL BARKER,

Horticultural Department Cornell University. State Vice-President Society of American Florists.

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PUBLISHED BY
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PRE PACE:

i a of our most prominent Chrysanthemum growers have felt the need

of a publication in which comment on the principal matters of current
interest could be preserved in a form convenient for reference purposes,
and they have at various times warmly urged the establishment of some such
work as the Annual aims to be, viz., a repository of information on all questions
relating to the flower of autumn. I have no desire to ignore the excellent
work which is being done by our horticultural and floricultural journals; but
it is felt that the pressure of other weighty subjects does not permit the editors
of those papers to devote that space and attention to the Chrysanthemum which
its growing importance demands, hence this production.

I feel grateful to the numerous friends in all parts of the world who have
so ably helped to make this issue of the book worthy of the flower; to the
Mayflower Publishing Company for most cordial and generous support in the
undertaking, and to the Union and Advertiser Company, of Rochester, N. Y.,

for the excellent style in which the mechanical work has been executed.

MICHAEL BARKER.
IgHaca, N. Y., April, 1895.

CONE Ns:

The Flower from the East,

By Percy T. INGRAM, = = = : = -
The Past Season,

By THE EDITOR AND CHAS. E. SHEA, - - - =
Early American History,

By EDGAR SANDERS, - - - = 2 2 &
Specimen Plants,

By T. D HATFIELD, - 5 : 2 = :
The National Society of England,

By C HARMAN PAYNE, . - = = = Z
Beds and Benches,

By EDWIN LONSDALE, BE. G. HILL AND WM, TRICKER,
Outdoor Culture,

By JAMES ScorTr, - - - - = - - -
The American Society,

By THE EDITOR, = = = - S - =
Some Neglected Groups,

By E. O. ORPET, - - < = = -
Seeds and Seedlings,

By ELMER D SMITH, - - - = - =
Men of Note— With nine portraits,

By THE EDITOR, - 2 = = - - : =
American Varieties in Europe,

By O. DE MEULENAERE AND H. SHOESMITH, 3 - :
Fungous Diseases—///astvated,

By PRoF. ByRON D. HALSTED, - - - -
The Golden Wedding Trouble— strated,

By G. MASSEE, = = = = : ks 5
European Varieties in America,

By JoHN N. May, THos. H. SPAULDING AND PATRICK O'MARA,
Insect Friends and Enemies,

By THE EDITOR, - - - = - :
Australian Methods, —

By H. J. CARTER, = : = - - - -
Canadian Notes,

By A. H. EWING, - - - = - - =
In Far China,

By A. B. WESTLAND, - : = - - <
Varieties of the Future,

By WILLIAM SCOTT, - = - = = =
Crown Buds and Terminals,

By JAMES BRyYDON, JOHN DvER AND GROVE P. RAWSON, -
The Best Varieties,

By AMERICAN EXPERTS, - = - - - -
Progress in New Zealand,

By JOHN DUTTON, - - - : - - -
American Varieties of 1895 —///ustrated,

By THE EDITOR, - + - = - - -

Notes and Gleanings,
ORIGINAL AND SELECTED, FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, - =

II

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—THE AMERICAN—

Chrysanthemum Annua

THE FLOWER FROM THE EAST.

ROM East to West the tide of progress flows,

F Still moving with the circle of the sun.
From Egypt's sands and from the Assyrian plains

The wave of conquest and the arts of war
Passed on to Greece and Rome, to Frank and Gaul.
When the great Spanish Captain, for whose soul
The seaways of the ancients were too small,
Set forth to find new worlds upon the wave,
He flung his sails to catch the sunrise winds
To waft him to the undiscovered West,—
The West, the sunset and the Great Unknown.
At length, as ever to the West he swept,
O’er the broad waters of the untracked main,
Up rose the vision of a distant shore,—
The Realm of Infinite Promise, blue Atlantis !
Thus westward ever moves the conqueror.

But not alone by force of arms and war

The tide of conquest to the sunset flows ;

But creeds, philosophies, and schools of thought,
And the soft arts of peace, from eastward come,
And here I hymn the praise and sing the fame
Of a fair victor from the sunrise lands,—

The gracious mother of a peaceful craft,

A conqueror of men’s hearts, —the flaunting flower,
Star-like and of innumerable hues,

Whose sunny home amid the ancient East

Is the ancestral isles of far Japan.

A universal language is the love

Of flowers ; a tongue by all men understood,
Linking in universal brotherhood

All nations, and all races, and all creeds.
Laughing to scorn the curse of Babel’s pile,
It fosters in man’s soul the love of Beauty,
And hence, unconsciously, of the Divine ;
For beauty is the symbol and the type

Of perfect spiritual harmony.

Tt ministers to culture and to art,

Unyoking from man’s spirit many a care ;
Bringing him in touch with balmy air,

And summer sunshine, and the song of birds.

And of all flowers that spring from mother earth,
None is more fair than this from far Japan.
It is the queenly victor of all hearts 3
And since all nations are its willing slaves,
A conqueror than Semiramis more great,
Fair fortune to this fair flower from the East !
—Percy T. Ingram.

THE PAST SEASON.

themum matters during the past year,-and the

friends of the flower in every quarter have reason
to feel proud of the good work that has been accom-
plished. Some of the comparatively recent departures in
methods of culture are yielding good results, more par-
ticularly the bench and bed systems. These, however,
are essentially the methods of the florists, whose principal
aim is to produce good marketable flowers. It is a pleasure
to note genuine progress in any department; but when
advancement in one particular is accompanied by neglect,
nt to say retrogression, in others, the outlook is hardly so
satisfactory. And it must be candidly acknowledged that
all types of Chrysanthemums, except those that produce the
largest and showiest flowers, have been neglected. Several
of the contributors to the present volume have noted with
regret the marked tendency in this direction, and many
others whose names do not appear here have written repeat-
edly in the same strain. But the florists are not to blame ;
like exemplary men they are attending assiduously to their
own business, and with such result that their products are
crowding out of the market, and I may say out of cultiva-
tion, those groups of varieties the neglect of which is so
universally decried. It is also urged that the horticultural
and Chrysanthemum societies are at fault in not offering
suitable prizes for plants and blooms of all the types. The
florists, it is held, by strength of numbers, rule in most of
the societies, and arrange matters so that the monetary and
honorary awards will be conferred on their favorites.

This is an absurd view of the case, and one that most
certainly can not commend itself to those who really know
something of the opinions and actions of our commercial
brethren. They are a most self-sacrificing body of men,
who are at all times anxious to do anything and everything
in their power to promote the interests of horticulture and
floriculture in the widest aspect of those terms. They
devote many precious days to the consideration and solution
of very perplexing problems to the advantage of the entire
gardening public. The exhibitions, with the management
of which they are concerned, are regulated to meet the
requirements of every individual so far as may be practi-
cable ; and if the arrangements are not at all times perfect,
the fault lies with the amateurs and other grumblers who
see sO many glaring blunders, and yet never enter the socie-
ties to help with their judgment and counsel. Advance,
ladies and gentlemen, and call attention to the errors you
see so plainly. J have yet to learn of one horticultural or
floricultural society from which any of you who take a gen-
uine interest in gardening will be excluded. Then join the
societies and help with the work. Tell the florists plainly
what you think of them and their methods, and I will
guarantee you respectful attention on their part, and their
heartiest assistance in making any worthy change you can
suggest.

| GREAT deal of progress has been made in Chrysan-

In this connection, however, it is gratifying to observe

that the pompons, perhaps the most deserving of all the
neglected sections, are coming to the front again. Messrs.
Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills, N. J., have a very pleas-
ing and truthful colored picture of them in their current
catalogue, and while this is only a small matter, it shows
something of that desire on the part of all nurserymen and
florists to meet the needs of the public. The great diffi-
culty is to get at a proper understanding of the demands of
a community, and there is no better way of giving publicity
to this than by gathering the interested parties together ina
local society, and therein giving full expression to individ-
ual ideas. Six or eight interested ladies or gentlemen may
start such a society ; the local florists will help, and special-
ists in distant cities, if properly approached, are always
pleased to assist young societies by contributing material of
the highest excellence for exhibitions. All the great Chrys-
anthemum and other special floral societies throughout the
world have set out upon their prosperous careers in some
such small way, and there is still abundance of room for
others like them.

Such societies indeed are now fairly numerous in all parts
of the country, and the Chrysanthemum is by no means
neglected in the exhibitions, although there is practically
unlimited room for extension. The historians tell us that
the first Chrysanthemum exhibition in America was held in
Boston in 1868, with prizes to the amount of fifty-five dol-
lars, but last year there were upwards of fifty such exhibi-
tions in various parts of the United States and Canada, and
the smallest one of these was vastly superior to the earliest
attempt. As a further illustration of the rate of progress,
it may be mentioned that while the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society offered only fifty-five dollars in prizes for
Chrysanthemums in 1868, the amount awarded by the same
society in 1894 was $1,147, exclusive of numerous gratuities
which are not given in the regular prize list. But this should
not be taken as a proof that large money prizes are essential
in starting an exhibition; ribbons of various colors, and
appropriately inscribed, will serve the same purpose for the
first two or three years, introducing money, medals and
other more costly prizes as the society grows sufficiently.
strong and rich to afford them.

The improvement of varieties continues, as will be seen
from our illustrations, all of which have been faithfully
reproduced from photographs. The growers of seedlings
bid fair to establish a race of Chrysanthemums that wall
produce flowers of the highest quality on dwarf stems of
stout build, flowers in fact that will stand anywhere on their
stems as well as on their merits. The blooms are also pro-
gressing in size, form and general finish—that is, the blooms
of the large flowered kinds—but so far there is no very
decided advance in color. There is still room for improve-
ment among the pinks and crimsons, and, of course, the
Anemone, pompon and single groups are open to all the
good influences of the hybridizer. The reports of the beha-

vior of the American seedlings abroad are very encouraging,
2

THE PAST SEASON. 3

and in many cases surprising. While our best varieties
rarely succeed so well in other countries as they do at home,
those of medium and even inferior quality often make quite
a respectable showing at the foreign exhibitions, and indeed
a great many of our older varieties are now seldom heard of
except through the reports of such exhibitions, or through
mention in the catalogues published abroad. There is a
large and increasing demand for good seedlings in Europe
and elsewhere, and our raisersshould look to it and see
that nothing is discarded which, although not suited to our
climate, may prove of value under other conditions of atmos-
phere and cultivation.

There has been much complaint about the dispatch of
new varieties from America so late in the season that no*h-
ing of value can be done with them in foreign countries
until the following year. This means a serious disappoint-
ment to the purchaser, and ultimately perhaps a great loss
to the distributer. It could easily be remedied by making
arrangements with agents abroad, and forwarding stock
plants in autumn, instead of waiting for the weather of the
following spring to open up so as to permit of the shipment
of young stock. Every such delay entails the loss of a
season to the American raiser, and a corresponding gain to
his European competitors. And the American growers must
now look well to their laurels, for there is great activity at
the present time among those of England and France.
The triumph of the season was scored by Mr. Hugh
Graham, of Philadelphia, Pa., in being awarded the high-
est honor at the disposal of the National Chrysanthemum
Society of England, for blooms of his splendid new variety,
Philadelphia, grown in this country. It remains to be
seen, however, whether this grand example of the work of
American seedling raisers will retain its supremacy under
the fickle skies of Great Britain ; but to grow the flowers
here, ship them to Europe, and then, in the headquarters of
all that is best in the wide world of Chrysanthemums, to
secure the highest award, was truly a laudable achievement.

-M. B.
IN ENGLAND,

The December show of the English National Chrysan-
themum Society—last year held on the 4th of that month—
is generally accepted in this country as the close of the
Chrysanthemum season, and, competition over, the time at
last arrives wnen the floral athlete may rest from the con-
flict and survey the position, not only in reference to the
past season but with a view to the renewal of the battle in
the coming year.

What have proved to be the best varieties for exhibition ?
What the most enduring, in public esteem, of the established
varieties? Again, which are the most desirable of the
numberless aspirants for favor amongst the armies of new
varieties which seem to be marching upon us from the
four quarters of the globe? These are the questions
which now present themselves to the mind of the exhibitor.

Then comes the after-thought : How has the late season
affected certain of those varieties with which our acquaint-
ance is at present but scant? Has it seemed to give them
a fair test, or should we submit them to further trial upon

discarding those which have given us results more or less
disappointing? And we have, naturally, looked for great
things in some cases, by reason of the reports whtch have
reached us from their country of origin—notably from the
United States. And so we have to look into matters a
little closely, for there can be no question of the fact that a
good selection of varieties is half the battle fought.

Well, the seasons in England in 1893 and in 1894 have
been less of the “sample” character than usual. We have
had things more “‘in bulk” and wholesale. The year 1893
presented us with a drought phenomenal in its intensity and
endurance, while 1894, in its later period, made up in
many districts all the water held back in 1893, with a good
contribution towards any deficit which might occur in 1895.
And, again, while the months of August, September and
October, in 1893, furnished us with 445 hours of sunlight—
and pretty good sunlight, too, for this country—1894 pro-
vided us, during the same period, with but 247 hours, and
even these, with a sunlight of somewhat watery and diluted
character.

And so it follows that neither year provided us with what
may be called a typical season, It is quite within the
bounds of possibility, therefore, that certain varieties having
a deservedly high reputation on the other side of the
Atlantic may yet, ina typical season, fully justify in this
country the reputation which came with them.

However extreme in certain respects as was the season of
1894, it unquestionably suited some varieties perfectly ; in-
de@d, by far a larger proportion of varieties, especially in
the Japanese sections, were suited by the wet and sunless
summer than received injury therefrom, This, of course,
applies to those varieties the character of which is already
well known on our side ; but what may have been the effect
on the American new varieties we can only hope to assist to
a conclusion by sending across the Atlantic an account of
their behavior in English gardens under the climatic con-
ditions which have prevailed ; and this, to the best of my
ability, I propose to do.

But my American friends may first like to have some in-
formation as to the relative positions in this country of the
whole of the varieties, from whatever source, which are
more or less favorably regarded by our growers for exhibi-
tion.

Unfortunately, a clue in the direction indicated is not
afforded by the proceedings of the floral committee of the
National Chrysanthemum Society, for the fact undeniably
is that for some reason or other not quite clear, the decisions
of the floral committee have not received, to the extent
which is desirable, that confirmation and support on the
part of the general body of exhibitors which is furnished
by the subsequent appearance upon the exhibition stand of
the varieties certificated.
varieties do not appear to secure public attention after their
first appearance in the committee room. Possibly the dark
and unsuitable chamber—I was on the point of writing
duageon—sometimes used by the committee may be responsi-
ble for the result, or it may be that the fersoze/ of the
committee is not in sufhciently keen appreciation of that

Too large a percentage of these

4 THE PAST SEASON.

standard of excellence which finds general acceptance with
the exhibiting public, but the fact remains as I have stated.
I do not say that the leading varieties have not been cer-
tificated—most of them have—some before and some after
they have received the seal of public recognition of their
merits ; but it is also unquestionably the fact that a very
great many varieties certificated are practically never seen
at all upon the show boards, or have a very ephemeral ex-
istence there. I state this so that growers on the other side
may not be misled by an overestimate of the meaning of a
certificate of the floral committee of the National Chrysan-
themum Society.

But there remains that which after all is really the best
test of the suitability of a variety for exhibition, namely,
the outcome of the struggle for existence on the exhibition
table. We have in these results the opinions of no narrow
section, but the practical evidence of the views of those
whose one object is to do the best they can to win in the
floral contest. And so an audit of the varieties appearing
on sixty of the first prize stands, taken from the leading
shows throughout the United Kingdom, will serve to indi-
cate which haye been the favorite and most reliable varieties
in the season just closed, so far as this country is concerned.

The following relates only to Japanese varieties :

Times

Name. Exhibited.
Gharles! Daviswa hee os are ee et Ses ee Se oly 51
Miva alone lteter bs ecid i tO8 lep ed PAE es 46
Mins iG ph iarmanpPayrie Sine as hae Slee es riesies runt ant Ci 45
BNO lynx =e apse as ete ge ets Leet Dy pea ee 39
MUST NSS INES ING PAE Re Sel See Lee 36
Sino wens: Se ms epee eS ee cee es eee ee eS ee) et 35
IGE ManiekEvostemem. crea Wee eae 10s a 35
iBtolledenliyvouesear eae pee nae == Qe em oe ena Oe 31
NVarlnlglilii(ecli\e soos oe Ge" ON as ee Ae Denn mene 30
G.\@: Schwabe: --=-- DPE BET Mi NS Eby ot See 27
Miss DoratheaySheamene ose ere Le See eC
MloKen Gel) avi Seem ee ied te aera eee mes oes eet eh Nr! 25
Awvallan ¢he keer ap fe eter Ey od ae eee hp aie AOS
Coli batsmibhienta te ane sce | Saye eae AB eae he 23
SVVen rai cls 1, See eee Seep a SE I re Se ak 22
Stansteadm Whites ss: a= ose = ee see Cee 20)
AWise iat tlisek esate 2 Pore ae Se eee oe 20
IViTSeehiall COM eT cue S 0 eee eee ee ees 18
Vibrs ONES ire Witew Oars e SBE AR oes oy Ree ESN ok ete 18
Bresidentuborelaese ese hone Hee ees else 15
TRQUISE SE ee ae Ca. eer = ae an aoe eee 15
PrincessyMayis aaah ad SS Ue eh Se I4
MuleroruWonke {ashe we eke ere Oe ee mk ete I4
IDidieaons, IUCHEDG = SoS ooo ee eee = see eee 13
IM ebanckoucker ee seks tn etait ae eels See ick 12
HEX CeISTOT eee ete ca at Alaa rey ye tes eye erect US Ue ua
Wascountessialambledonssa== 4 === === sees aes eae IL
IBOULE yO neers Mere a ela ai meet eee SEs Lee II
GlomecduskRochem at 245. eeaee ey RENE aonb II
WEANV ak Golesiqe sar st acke ae shan eee katte a kp Ne ne 10
Mis (Benmianc eas Ses tai Ne a Be he es kes che ie bes TO
JeShrimptonsewe oe se ee eee ee ee eae 9
iNiglae, (Cs Wloliine=- 2222+ + ve 22 She ceeds see) Sees 25 9

Atmos Penhy oo Gaae seca noe eee eae eee 9
Niveus2 os fle orgs Man bos See ase ee Eo eee 7
GW. \Childss so 2.5 bes ee oe 7
NOliviaidereetite rA mie Sees ee ee 7
Silver: ings oo 42a ase se ees 6
JeSsDibbens: 2. 2220.4: 205 l 002 i oe 6
Allberichiundenje 2832-2 Ssa5- Ses - 2a eee 6
BdasPrass: A vbeleeteis sachet sa) ee 6
Wabane.w i este beet 2 6
Hyd. Sunderbruch:222 2s. 22-42 ee 6
MidmewA. ae) Canieree asso ese. ee 6
G./Shrimptones3..5-22ss2e 202) 5 eee 5
PrefetRoberteus- 25-5202 25-2252 2.2 oe eee 5
Wuyleval WB}, Wie = = 5552S e2 ange = = 525-2 ==-- == == ---- 5
Vice-President Audiguier 5
Wdme;(C* \Capitant. 202s. 5
International. 2.25.4. -) 226 us 4, 5
Annieyantshonn = === === == ae
Mdmem@ ctaviesMinalectse = 2 aes
Midimie® Avin@lnatim tee te Soe 2 ya een (pee 5
Beauty of Exmouth S25 2-25 224) See 4
Kentish Vellow. 252-222-222 2425.45.52 eee 4
Beautyiof Castlewood! == 325 =— = 2) 2= == eee 4
Gu Blickwsc ete ekeese tees ot 6 ee 4
R. Brocklebank: 2222326200 .422 62-6 4
Ide Prince du Boiss .22.s55. 242.525. 558e a5 eee eee 4
Mrs; Hubbock. 2-2. 2524.20 2). 20 eee 4
Gondoroeusssotetes 5.6 0k Bose oe eee 4
Wiolettajc col. 4222.22 a Eee 4
RiVOwens..2-lsis2 22 os.5 cnet eee 4
Puritans) 2 aesisi 5 ee4 i Secieel eee 3
MdmewAd.(Giroud 4225255450) Selo eee aes eee 3
Vanden Deede. 2222222522552: a eee 3
Golden. Dragon... - 522.3: 22 0225 eee a eee 3
Kady Saunders. 22520529). 222 5) 3
Midme::Carnote: oo! 22 i225. .2Lts oer 3
4D, Walkinssac soe shook = 3
GoodiGraciouss==== =e s=== Lows ste 3
Duchessio fe evonshive ss. sea 3
Mdme-vAmdigniters i235 (2553 ee 3
erdBrookes .. -2. 2.22545. 245252522 eee 3
dibtinberg a2 =e ee a ee ee 3
GoldenGate- 2-6). ...45222 322 iy) oe
Princess) Victorias 225.5295) 1h Lo 5 ee 3
WNinvite Ioyubts, Wyo vaneyes Se 8 ee 3

It will be seen from the above list that honors are fairly
divided between England, the United States, France and
Japan. Perhaps the most striking point in the above
(probably due to the season) is the tremendous fall in the
position of Lord Brooke (Pitcher & Manda) which was in
the first eighteen last year. Golden Gate (Japan) is a very
late variety, as is Robert Owen, both of which appeared in
fine form in December, So also did Silver King (English),
Surprise will probably be felt at the position of Mrs. C.
Ilarman Payne ; but unfortunately so many judgesat shows
favor mere size, however accompanied by coarseness, that
such varieties are still sought after.

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EZETA.

NATURAL SIZE.

EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY. 5

Dealing with essentially American varieties, the following
have been suited by the season, and have been shown in
excellent form :

W. W. Coles. Craig.
the north of England.

Especially in Scotland and

Niveus. Syith & Son.

Primrose League. Prtcher & Manda.
Sarah Hill. Spaulding.

Waban. Sewkes.

W. G. Newitt.

C. B. Whitnall. A2l7 & Co.

E. Lonsdale. /Vaterer. Good in the north, but lacks
size in the south of England.

Garnet. Spaulding, An old variety which has been
very fine.

Silver Cloud. Spazlding.

Mrs. E. D. Adams. Pitcher & Manda.
season very good.

Mrs. D. Ward. Pitcher & Manda.

A. T. Ewing. Azll & Co.

Later American novelties which were well shown in
1894:

H. L, Sunderbruch. /Va/z.
of a weak constitution

William Bolia. Was.

The Queen. Walz,

Dr. H. D. Hull. Swzth & Son.

Abbie Mendenhall. 77/7 & Co. Very fine.

Sir E. T. Smith. P2tcher & Manda.

Duchess of Wellington. Pitcher & Manda.

Mrs. W. H. Lees. Pitcher & Manda.

Mrs. J. G Ils. Stevers. One bloom skown
splendid.

Fill & Co.

Late in the

Unfortunately with us

was

Older American varieties which appear not to have been
Suited by the season,

William Tricker. Szram.

Col. W. B. Smith. Spaulding.
Beauty of Castlewood. Spaulding.
Mrs. Charles Wheeler. Waterer.

The Tribune. Pitcher & Manda.
Miss Annie Hartshorn. Waterer.
Mrs. T. Denne. Pitcher & Manda.
G. W. Childs. TZhorfe.

Eda Prass. Dorner.

EARLY AMERICAN

NYONE who has ever interested himself in the
A early history of horticulture as a whole in this
country, to say nothing of the individual history

of flowering plants—when introduced, whether by seeds or
the plant itself, and by whom—if his inquiries go back
beyond say 1835, when onr first horticultural magazine was
started, or seven years before, when the first agricultural
paper appeared, he will find but little to pay him for his
trouble ; and in the case of many plants can at best only

Lord Brooke. Pitcher & Manda.
President W. R. Smith. il & Co,

It has been a curious result of the wet and sunless season
that those varieties which are inclined to the incurved sec-
tion of the Japanese, for instance Lord Brooke, William
Tricker, Miss Annie Hartshorn, etc., have come loose and
more or less reflexed, their usual incurved character being
in cases almost lost. The whole of these varieties have
declined in position in the audits of 1894, as compared
with those of 1893:

Varieties having special repute in America, but not so
far appearing to realize expectations in England.
Harry E. Widener. A7// & Co.
Harry May. Pitcher & Manda
Black Beauty. Azll & Co.

Robert McInnes, A7z// & Co.

Wyndmoor. Spaulding. Bad grower.

Mrs. Jerome Jones. Vaughan.

Roslyn, Spaulding.

Emma Hitzeroth, Spaulding.

Ed. Hatch. Azl/ & Co,

Emily Ladenburg. Sfaz/ding. Bad grower.
Harry Balsley. Smith & Son. Bad grower.
Mrs. J. W. Crouch. 2/7 & Co, Bad grower.
Brydon Junior. Spaulding. Bad grower.

Olga, Vaughan.
Maud Dean, 7ll & Co.

Ruth Cleveland. Spaulding, Very uncertain

I have excluded from the above all those varieties, so far
as known, which reached this country from the United
States, but which were derived originally from Japan, such
as Golden Gate, Lilian B. Bird, Golden Wedding and
Hairy Wonder.

Exhibitors in this country necessarily rely to a great
extent for their new varieties upon those countries having
climatic conditions more favorable to the raising of seed-
lings than has the United Kingdom, although of late years
great progress has been made inthis country. Still, France,
and above all the United States, must retain for a long
time to come the lead which has been obtained, and to those
countries we must mainly look for new recruits to the army

of varieties,
--Charles E. Shea.
Foot’s Cray, Kent, England.

HISTORY.

proceed by inference of such as he is seeking from the inci-
dental mention of others in letters to European countries,
notes of travelersand memoranda of such kinds, there being
nothing whatever of a general botanical or horticultural
character to guide him in his investigations. Nay, more, as
fruits and vegetables, or something to sustain the sturdy
pioneer was of far more consequence than mere flowers in
those days, he will search in vain for very much to aid him
in way of Chrysanthemum lore for the first twenty years,

6 EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY.

even after Hovey’s and Downing’s magazines were first
published, and that from the simple fact that the flowering
of this well-named autumn queen occurred at a time of the
year when most shows and gatherings of the period were
over for the season ; and were it not for the occasional
meetings of such organizations as the Massachusetts, New
York and Pennsylvania horticultural societies, there would
be absolutely nothing of a reliable character open to con-
sultation.

It is highly probable that in some of the old colonial
homes of Maryland, Virginia, and the like, our now popular
flower of the autumn exhibitions was a noted garden favor-
ite, as it had become in the more vigorous eastern Atlantic
states, when greenhouses’ were little more than half-opaque
orangeries, and even structures of such unsatisfactory char-
acter few and far between. The late Shirley Hibberd is
authority for the statement that the Chrysanthemum was
introduced into America about 1820, or earlier ; but so far
as we have been able to trace, it is not until 1826 that we
have actual evidence of the presence of the plant in this
country. A Mr, Prince, writing under date of February
T4th, in that year, and describing the stock cultivated ip his
nursery at Flushing, N. Y., among many other plants
enumerates thirty-two varieties of the Chrysanthemum.* It
was oniy seven years previous, orin 1819, that the late Samuel
Brookes, then of London, England, received an assortment
of new varieties from his collector, Mr. Poole, who had
been sent expressly to China in search of them. This Mr.
Brookes—who settled in Chicago in 1833, and died there
September 5, 1875—was a much respected florist during
the period of his residence in this country, and he has been
called the father of the Chrysanthemum. ‘‘At the time of
his decease,” writes Mr. C. Harman Payne, ‘‘ there was
probably no other man who could claim to have been
acquainted with the Chrysanthemum for so long a period.”

The varieties in cultivation, named in part or distinguished
by the color and form of the flowers, as the special naming
of sorts did not take place until many years later, are given
the first year after the incorporation of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, in 1829—probably at the November
meeting of 1830—as follows: Quilled Flame, Curled
Lilac, Tasselled White, Golden Lotus, Large Lilac, Change-
able Buff, Paper White, Crimson, Pink, Lilac, White,
Semi-Quilled White, Parks’ Small Yellow, Golden Yellow,
Quilled Lilac and Quilled White. This society, by the
way, also made the first appropriation for plant and flower
premiums about the same time, although it is hardly
likely that the Chrysanthemums of the period were consid-
ered worthy of such honors, at least there is no mention of
any award being made. The chronicles afford nothing of
interest again until the year 1844, when, in further reference
to the Boston society, we are told: ‘* The show of Chrys-
anthemums on November 2d was very fine.” Not to be
hehindhand, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, on
November 17, 1846, awarded Benjamin Gullis, gardener to
Jacob Snider, Jr., three dollars for the best twelve named

*Gard. Mag., Jan., 1827, p. go.

varieties, and a second prize of two dollars to Archibald
Henderson. The committee also mentions “
fine display” of the coming flower.

In the second volume of the ‘‘ American Horticulturist,”
1847, a notice is given of a visit that year to the fine con-
servatory of N. Becar. Esq., of Brooklyn, N. Y., with
comments on a new Chrysanthemum which had been re-
ceived there under the name of William Penn, This is
described as a remarkably fine variety, and proceeding, the
writer adds: ‘‘ One of the most perfectly formed flowers
of the genus we have ever seen; each blossom very full
double, symmetrically shaped and almost globular in form.
The color white ; and it is, on the whole, much superior to
any of the new European varieties of this old autumnal
favorite which have reached us.’’ Here, then, is a fine
beginning ; and on extended search we find that this notable
flower was raised by Robert Kilvington, an enthusiastic
gardener of Philadelphia. It was exhibited by him for the
first time November 16, 1841, before the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society, and was awarded a prize as the best
American seedling, the committee reporting ‘*that this
prize seedling Chrysanthemum is decidedly the finest variety
ever presented to this society.” Thus we are carried back
to 1841 to learn that the art of raising seedling Chrysanthe-
mums was probably well understood by American gardeners
in the latter part of the decade preceding that time.

Early indices are a source of much perplexity to the
enquirer. Very often there is no index record of important
matter, and much interesting information is sometimes
found under a title altogether foreign to our subject. The
index to the first two volumes of the ‘* American Jlorticul-
turist” affords no data; but the third volume, 1849, would
indicate an inclination on the part of the editor to do some-
thing for our favorite, as he copies from a London horti-
cultural magazine a long article by George Glenny on ““The
Chrysanthemum and Its Culture,” with a list of varieties
selected from Glenny’s standpoint in floricultural matters.
Another volume records that Robert Fortune had discovered
the first of the pompon varieties and forwarded them to
Europe. In his preface to the fifth edition of “ Buist’s
Flower Garden Directory,” which appeared in 1851, the
first edition having been published in £832, Robert Buist
mentions the Chrysanthemum, which is something. On
turning to page 36 of this book we find that he gives as
suitable for garden culture quite a list of varieties, but not
a word about them as pot plants, or for the greenhouse.
Another authority of 1851 is Breck’s ‘*‘ Book of Flowers.”
But here, also, the thought evidently runs on garden
culture only, concluding: ‘‘The varieties are endless,
early and late, tasselled and quilled, flat petalled, etc.,
with every shade of color, light purple, yeilow, white, lilac,
blush brown, red brown, etc.”

The ‘‘ American Horticulturist,” in its volume for 1852,
has five index references to Chrysanthemums, and in the
text there is mention of fifteen varieties—nine of the large-
flowered and six of the pompon sections. The ‘‘ Philadel-
phia Florist” appeared in this year, and to the first volume,
page 265, Horticola contributes a dissertation on “‘ The

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SPECIMEN PLANTS. 7

Chrysanthemum,”’ covering almost two pages. The same
volume of this journal also contains an excellent article on
“‘The Chrysanthemum, its Habits and Cultivation,” by
B. F. Norton, of New York, with a list of nineteen dwarf
varieties, and reference to thirteen other sorts. The editor
draws the attention of his correspondent to the fact that he
did not state which of these are large varieties. This
important article, from an American point of view, is
entirely ignored in the index. Here, also, may be found
an advertisement of Thomas Hogg & Son, of New York,
in which forty-eight pompon varieties, to name, are offered
for sale. The special advertising of the Chrysanthemum
at this early date is very rare ; and, by having the advertise-
ments bound with the more important literary matter, we
run across one other instance of it, but only one. This
was by Grant Thorburn & Co., in which occurs our old
friend Bob, a Chrysanthemum that created as much fuss in
its day as any of the big flowers do now. Usually, if
alluded to at all, the advertisements would simply read,
“ and Chrysanthemums,” as did the catalogues, very often;
our first, that of James Wilson, of Albany, N. Y., dating
away back to 1842. If Prince & Co. could catalogue, as
they did in the forties, no less than sixteen hundred Roses,
we may be certain that they also catalogued Chrysanthe-
mums, even though we cannot at this time lay hands on
the list.

There is a long list of the prize sorts then grown in
England in the ‘‘ American Horticulturist” of 1855, and
the same volume contains an article eleven columns in
length, to the effectthat the Chrysanthemum was becoming
extremely popular at that time, new interest having been
created in it by the increase of varieties and by improve-
ments in knowledge as to the methods of cultivation and
training, mentioning, for example, the use of ten-inch
pots, with the plants so grown as to hide these pots with
foliage, and presenting more the appearance of a well-
grown Azalea than a Chrysanthemum under ordinary
management. The plants, it appears, were perfected by
judicious training in August, after they had received their
final shift. They are described as being a literal mass of
flowers, where none of their buds had been thinned out,
as was sometimes done in a case of plants for exhibition,
when only one bloom was allowed to grow on each plant.
This shows that the idea of growing plants to a single
stem is by no means of recent origin in this country, but

that it was practiced by our Chrysanthemum growers at a
comparatively early period. Thus does history repeat
itself, and manufacture new surprises; for it is certainly
astonishing, after all the promise of permanent popularity
given to the Chrysanthemum in the foregoing notes, to find
that the index of the “‘ American Horticulturist” as late as
1860 contains not a single reference to the plant. With
other publications of this year, we take up ‘‘ Shepherd's
Handbook,” something after the fashion of Prof. Bailey’s
modern “‘ Annals of Horticulture,” which gives a list of
the new plants; and among those introduced during the
season, including many sorts of the more popular florists’
flowers then in cultivation, we find an annual Chrysanthe-
mum, but not a sign of the perennial varieties. The
““ American Horticultural Annual” of 1871, in the almanac
style—a form of garden literature which was first issued in
this country about 1854—is the earliest of these yearly pro-
ductions to publish a list of Chrysanthemums, and that,
consisting of nine Japanese varieties, supplied by the late
Peter Henderson.

Starting then, say in 1820, the first decade has very
slight notices of our flower in any form, but sufficient to
show that it was here, and growing in interest. In the
next decade, ending 1840, seedlings of merit were grown
and prizes awarded in a small way. The plant is still
prospering in 1850, but so far mostly as a border or garden
flower, where the autumn weather is sufficiently open to
permit of its cultivation. Toward the close of the suc-
ceeding decade, or 1860, when private gardens of consid-
erable pretensions had become fairly numerous throughout
the country, it was considered useful as a greenhouse p!ant,
and this even as far west as Cincinnati and Chicago, and
exhibits were sometimes awarded prizes by the societies
then established. The first regular Chrysanthemum exhi-
bition in America was held under the auspices of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1868, with premiums
to the amount of fifty-five dollars, In 1870, as everybody
knows, no respectable greenhouse was without at least a
few representative varieties, and, although yet far from its
present popularity, it was steadily tending in that direction,
until a new and wider interest was awakened by the intro-
duction of Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, where, for the time being,
we must leave the glorious company of mummers and their
favorite flower i

Chicago, Ill. —Edgar Sanders.

SPECIMEN PLANTS.

HEN a boy, now more than thirty years ago, I

\ | \ / remember a few pompon varieties of the Chrys-
anthemum growing in the angles of our porch.

They were called Michaelmas Daisies, then a common
name for them in the North of England. Above all the
immense and gorgeously colored greenhouse varieties, the
charm of these few naturally grown plants remains to this
day. They braved the snow and rain and in the crisp
autumn weather, when all other plants were out of

bloom, they were very beautiful. Their odor, too, was
decidedly strong, and had a distinct fascination for me. In
this respect the Chinese varieties are, I imagine, more
aromatic than the Japanese.

In the earlier days of Chrysanthemum culture, very little
effort was made by special means to increase the size of the
blooms. The Chinese varieties, particularly those known
as incurved, were in the majority, and in England these
kinds still occupy a prominent position in all collections.

8 SPECIMEN PLANTS.

They are very seldom grown in this country, and various
reasons are given for this neglect. It has been ascribed to
a lack of taste, and that here, among a people not far
enough advanced in the floral arts to appreciate the finer
lines of the Chinese varieties, nothing but large flowers find
favor. I do not, however, think this is the reason entirely,
The fact is, our climate is not so well suited to them as to
the more robust Japanese, and the best varieties generally
lose their distinctive, incurved character with us. A fre-
quent complaint is that they do not fill out the center of the
flowers. This, however, may be explained in that all
Chrysanthemums under our sunny autumn skies have a
tendency to produce seeds, and hence the flowers expand
to permit insects and the wind to distribute the pollen
among the fertile florets, which are located deep in the
center of each bloom.

My practical acquaintance with Chrysanthemums began
in 1876, when such varieties as Beverley, George Glenny,
James Salter, Hero of Stoke-Newington, Mrs. George
Rundle, Lord Derby, the Christines, yellow. white and
pink, were at the zenith of their fame. I had charge of a
collection of plants grown in ten-inch pots, each having
about fifty blooms, and I thought these specimens were as
perfect as they could be. Later in the course of my garden-
ing career, I was chiefly engaged in branches of the profes-
sion which did not include work among Chrysanthemums,
but I always cherished a desire, when circumstances turned
favorable, to take them in hand again, and during the past
decade I have had abundant opportunity to gratify my wish.
With the increase in number of varieties, mostly cf the
Japanese section, has come a sweeping change. Growers of
specimen plants are in a great minority, probably not more
than a dozen persons in the United States being specialists
in this line. ‘lhe number of first class varieties adapted
for growing into specimen plants is very small, and this is
accounted for by the fact that the producers of new varie-
ties select only such seedlings as bear flowers of large size,
and are therefore likely to gain honors as specimen blooms
at the exhibitions. The various horticultural societies
should insist upon it and see that their judges havea proper
supply of material to enable them to reach a just and
decisive conclusion as to the merits of new varieties in all
their aspects, embracing plants as well as cut blooms.

Varieties suitable for specimen plants should be of medium
height, and the stems well clad with healthy foliage. The
flowers should be erect, fuli, double, of medium size, and
distinct in color. I make a trial of twenty five or more
new varieties every year, and if out of this number two of
sufficient merit to be tried again are secured, I am doing
well. It will be said, perhaps, that I am fastidious, but
this is the only way to arrive at success in the cultivation of
specimen plants. There is before me a list of varieties,
recommended by a well-known florist, which I will briefly
analyze ino der toshow what I mean. Fromsixteen whites
I select two first class, Ivory and Joseph H. White; Min-
nie Wanamaker is good, and Annie Manda, fair. Louis
Boehmer and Etoile de Lyon are the best of fifteen pink
varieties, W. H. Lincoln the only good one of fourtcen

yellows, and G. W. Childs the most reliable of ten reds and
other colors, the latter, how.ver, by no means an ideal
variety. It is next to impossible to select good varieties
for plants from specimen blooms, but this is what many do.
Ask any leading dealer to make a selection for you, and if
he is honest, as one I know, he will say he is not acquainted
with them as such,

Here is a small list of varieties which I know will make
good plants. White: Ivory, Joseph H. White, Snowflake,
Summit, G. Daniels and L. Canning ; White Cap and
White Gem for late flowering. Yellow: Clinton Chalfant,
President Hyde, Golden Ball, W. H. Lincoln, A. H.
Fewkes and the Anemone George Hawkins. Bronze:
Golden Hair (orange) Walter Hunnewell and L’Incom-
parable. Pink: Iora, Portia (exquisite), Louis Boehmer,
and for late flowering, Eda Prass. Crimson: Louis
Menand and. G. W. Childs.

The stock in hand can be cut down after the flowering
season, kept in a cool, light place, and given as little water
as possible, not more than enough to keep them growing
slowly. Strong growths made during December should be
cut back, as itis not desirable to propagate from these at
any time. Cuttings of a sucker character are best. Opin-
ions vary as to the proper time to insert cuttings intended
for specimen plants. For many years I put them in about
the middle of January, and while this gave them a longer
season of growth, it often happened that cuttings taken so
early ran to bloom when transferred to six-inch pots in
March. With no preparation for replacing the plants,
these varieties were lost for that season. Many of the best
varieties bloom in this way, Ivory being a noted instance.
My experience has been that cuttings struck about the
middle of February make the best plants, Preference
should always be given to root cuttings, over those pro-
duced by the stems, particularly if the former are of sucker
origin. This is not always possible, and I well remember
an old and very beautiful variety of a charming pink shade,
Damio, now almost lost to cultivation, as particularly shy
in producing cuttings of any kind. Very fair plants may
also be obtained from leaf cuttings, taken with an eye.
The new yellow sport, Mrs. E. B. Freeman, was obtained
in this way. In 1893 my best flowers of Niveus, and in
1894 of Mrs. E. G. Hill, were from such leaf cuttings, and
some of the latter, grown to crown buds, were exhibited in
Boston, October 6th, and were awarded a first class cer ifi-
cate by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Cuttings
taken from plants which have been grown cool are prefer-
able. Many noted growers are now following this plan,
growing their stock piants out of doors until autumn, when
they are stored in cold frames until required. The reason
so many varieties thrive so indifferently the first season is
that they have been forced and propagated to exhaustion.

We use a general propagating bed where the bottom heat
is steady at sixty-five degrees, with a minimum air tempera
ture of fifty degrees. This insures quick rooting, and gives
us space for other stock. Cuttings will root in a tem-
perature as low as forty degrees, or even less, and in
England it is customary in many places to insert them

SPECIMEN PLANTS. 9

in pots placed in cold frames. By this plan it is claimed
that the plants are strengthened in constitution, but I
am not aware that it makes much difference, especially
in a plant that responds to good culture so quickly as
does the Chrysanthemum. Cuttings should be prepared
with a sharp knife, and shorn of a few of the lower
leaves and the tips of the upper ones, which would
otherwise hang about the base of the cuttings and
encourage damping-off. They should be pressed firm in
the soil, and placed so far apart that they will not touch ;
for when damping-off once sets in, it is almost impossible
to prevent its spread throughout the whole bed. They will
need a liberal supply of water for the first few days, and
shading when the sun shines, for they must on no account
be allowed to wilt. The cuttings should be rooted in three
weeks, and may then be potted in small pots, using a rather
light soil, not made very firm. Toward the end of March
they will be well established, and may be transferred to six-
inch pots, at the same time removing the tip of each plant.
This will be the first stopping. A moderately rich compost
should be used at this stage, pressed firmly if the soil is
light, loosely if heavy. It is very important that the
drainage be frée at all times. The plants should be placed
in cold frames, plunging them in sand or coal ashes, as
soon as the weather permits, to encourage a good stocky
growth. A consideration of no less importance than fine
flowers is luxuriant foliage, furnishing the plants well down
to the pots. Plants that have been forced in a close atmos-
phere, or unduly excited by stimulants during the earlier
stages of their growth, never finish well.

About the middle of May, our plants are ready for the
final shift into ten-inch or twelve-inch pots, in which they
temain and bloom. Our soil is a light and moderately rich
loam. Lime, in some form, should be an ingredient, and
bone meal, lime rubbish, or wood ashes will answer this
requirement very well. Wealso pot lightly and evenly at
this stage. And now, as immediately after each potting,
there is always danger of overwatering, a risk to be care-
fully avoided, since a serious loss of foliage is sure to
follow. Later, when stimulants are applied, the plants will
become water-logged unless the drainage is good, and this
is an equally unfavorable circumstance. It is well to keep
the plants in frames a few days, or until new roots are
formed, when they may be plunged outdoors to the rim of
the pots. As they will remain in the open until autumn, it
is advisable to place them three or four feet apart, so as to
give room for easy passage among them to attend to
watering, stopping, staking and tying. Some means must
be adopted to prevent earthworms working up from below,
or they will work the soil into the drainage material and
finally stop the vent. Slates and pieces of wood are
objectionable, since they do not admit of a free passage of
air and water. Something which will carry the base of the
pots well clear of the soil is needed, and this we do by
placing under them disks of earthenware, made for the pur-
pose by alocal manufacturer. Whatever success I have had,
LT attribute as much to this little device as to any other cause.

Stopping is an important operation, and one not generally

understood. No regular time can be named for this work;
it should be done almost every day, as soon as a shoot is
observed outgrowing the others. The idea is to keep the
plants evenly balanced It should never be necessary to
stop a plant “‘hard,” ss the shoots thus treated do not
break so well as when merely the tip is taken out. Neither
can any date be named to discontinue the operation.
Golden Ball, Ivory, Duchess of Connaught, L. Canning
and W. H. Lincoln make good specimens naturally, and
need scarcely any attention after July ; while G. W. Childs,
Mr. H. Cannell, Fascination and Cullingfordii should have
runaway shoots stopped as late as the end of August. It
need hardly be stated that a few stakes should be put in
toward the end of July, so as to outline the plants and
prevent their being broken by wind storms, It is seldom
that insect pests give any trouble cut of doors, except the
chinch bug, which extracts the sap from the plants, causing
them to wilt, Various insects, more particularly the nomad
spiders and the lady birds, serve to keep these in check by
devouring them. We also make a compound from three
pounds of tobacco leaf and one ounce of sulphide of
potassium, adding on application a tablespoonful of kerosene
and twenty gallons of water. This we find is useful as a
fungicide, as well as an insecticide. I noticed during the
past summer that all the chinch bugs were driven off the
plants sprayed with this mixture, and were found on those
left unsprayed. One other little thing in this connection is
worthy of mention, and that is, that so long as there was
any corn in bloom in the vicinity we had no chinch bugs
on our Chrysanthemums, but they returned to us when the
corn ceased to flower. A good idea would be to keep corn
planted in that part of the garden in which the plants are
located. Frequent spraying on all bright days, and par-
ticularly during dry weather, seems beneficial. This tends
to keep down insects, and to promote the growth of clean,
healthy foliage.

The application of stimulants is a work requiring great
care, and only experienced persons should be entrus.ed
with it. The pots must be filled with roots, and the drain-
age perfectly free, to begin with. No excess of solid
matter. should be allowed to accumulate on the surface of
the soil, as this also would prevent the ready percolation of
liquids. If cow manure is used as a top-dressing, it would
be best to dry it first, afterward breaking it into small
pieces. This acts as a mulch and fertilizer at the same
time. Asa safe and lasting stimulant, however, we prefer
sheep manure, which should be applied in the form of a
top-dressing, adding a little sand and loam to keep it open.
Liquid manure may also be applied if the plants continue
healthy. It should be given often, say once a week at first,
and two or three times a week later, but at no time very
strong. Drainage from barns is one of the best fertilizers
known, as it contains nearly all the ingredients of a com-
plete plant food in a highly concentrated form. I seldom
use it stronger than one part in twenty of water. It
bituminous soot can be obtained, it is beneficial, and may
be used with some device for filtering water through it.
Manure from the hen-house is often helpful when used in

10 SPECIMEN PLANTS.

small doses, but dangerous in large quantities. Where
lime is not an ingredicnt of the soil, a pound or two in the
water once in a while will do good work. Sulphate of
ammonia is sometimes used with wonderful results, but
unless its strength is known, itis not quite safe. Among
commercial fertilizers, guano ranks high. It does not,
however, contain all the elements required, and so gives
best results when used alternately with other manures.
Guano is best applied in the liquid form, and while it may
Ee safe to use more than one pound to fifty gallons of
water, I confine myself to that limit. When administering
artificial fertilizers, occasional plants will not be able to
withstand the regulation doses, and this will be shown by
the leaves turning pale green. These should be passed
until they resume their normal color, and always subse-
quently a weaker mixture should be given them, At the
same time, while clear water is being used, no more than
about sufficient to keep them from wilting should be given.
This gives the soil a chance to sweeten, or to return to its
best condition.

What we aim at in specimen plants is to develop as many
growing shoots as possible before the middle of August,
arranging them so as to keep the plants even and regular
inform, This adjusting of the shoots, and the incidental
tying and stakiug, should be attended to every day, thus
keeping the work well forward and affording the plants an
opportunity to outgrow some of that stiffness which is
characteristic of severe training. Very often these details
are totally neglected until within a few weeks of the flower-
ing season; and in all such cases, however carefully or
artistically the work may be performed, there is always a
glaring excess of artificiality in the appearance of the
plants. Generally all the shoots on specimen plants are
terminals, each bearing a cluster of flower buds at the
extremity. I prefer to leave only one bud to each shoot,
and this treatment is repaid by the production of an extra
large flower. But it is difficult to persuade people to leave
only one bud. I have noticed a tendency in a few varieties,
more especially in J. Delaux, Arethusa, G. Daniels and
Amber Gem, to show second crown buds at taking time.
As this occurs whea September is well advanced, I always
take them. If they were removed, terminals would appear,
but the latter so late in the season that it is questionable if
they would develop flowers of as good quality as the
crowns. I would advise the retention of all the crown
buds that appear on specimen plants in September.

Feeding should continue until the blooms begin to show
color. One good guide as to the action of the stimulants,
in addition to noting the visible effects, is to observe whether
new roots push through to the surface of the soil. Our
plants last year filled with roots the space reserved for water
to such an extent that, toward the latter part of the season,
we were obliged to make a mould of plastic material, plac-
ing it inside the rim of the pots in order to increase their
capacity. We used a mixture of cow manure and clay, and
in less than a week it was literally white with roots, which
held the material safely in position. The absence of these
roots, taken in connection with a yellowish shade of the

leaves, is a safe indication that the plants are out of health;
and instead of increasing the dose of manure in such cases,
it should be withheld altogether. If there is room in the
pets, a light top-dressing of loam and sand would benefit
such sickly plants, and I would recommend this treatment
generally for all that are not doing as well as they should.
Too much water and poor drainage are usually responsible
for an unhealthy condition. The plants should be housed
early in September. They might remain outdoors until
frost threatened to make its appearance, but nothing would
be gained by the delay. They are better under cover, and
from the first of October onward a little fire heat should be
given. This keeps the atmosphere dry, preventing mildew
and damping-off. It is also necessary to admit abundance
of air, but draughts from the windward side of the house
must be strictly guarded against.

The month succeeding the middle of October is a time
full of interest toall growers of specimen plants. It is also
one of anxiety, for there is yet time enough to undoa whole
season’s work by a single blunder. Less water will be
required as the blooms mature, but never so little that the
foliage wilts. The roots may be injured by excessive sup-
plies of water to such a degree as to be followed by a serious
loss of leaves, and no treatment could now repair the
damage. And if the plants are intended for exhibition, it
may also be possible that the date is too late for some varie-
ties, and these must be held incheck. If it is possible,
such plants may be removed to a cooler, shady house with
advantage, otherwise they must be shaded with tissue paper,
especially the pink-flowered varieties. Some yellows, such
as Source d’Or, Ernst Asmus and President Hyde, soon let
their florets droop, and in this condition look wretched.
Again, others may be too Jate, which, if anything, is worse
than being early. Chrysanthemums do not. bear forcing
well, in the ordinary way of increasing the amount of heat.
Plants housed, and others of the same variety placed in a
cold frame showed no difference in time of flowering,
although the night temperature was about ten degrees
higher in the house. One of the exhibitors at the recent
Boston show was anxious to enter a plant of W. H. Lincoln,
and placing it in a Rose house three weeks before the exhi-
bition, failed to get it into bloom. Another plant of the
same variety exhibited there in full bloom had never bee.
forced in any way, except perhaps by a few doses of a
chemical fertilizer, though it is doubtful if this hastened the
development of the flowers. Both plants were in the same
condition at the time stated. ;

In preparing plants to travel to exhibitions, we fill the
spaces between the flowers with tissue paper, and gradually
draw the stems closer until the plants are rigid. In this
condition they travel well. In all my experience I have had
only one plant spoiled in packing, and that was one of the
old variety, Golden Dragon, the curled florets of which so
far interlocked that we could not get them apart without
mutilation. Had we made a separate parcel of each flower,
as we did with Iora last year, not one would have been
injured.

Wellesley, Mass. —T. D. Hatfield.

THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

in its various branches, the National Chrysanthe-

mum Society, by virtue of its wide-spread influ-
ence, its numerous members, its large annual revenue and
its almost unlimited program of operations, best lays claim
to be considered the chief. Its rate of progress during
the past few years has no parallel in the annals of horti-
culture, and the executive may justly feel proud at the
happy results which have been the outcome of their united
efforts. At the close of 1893 it had completed the first
decade of its existence as a national society, and there are
few who would venture to challenge its right to be consid-
ered such. Asa matter of fact the society is nearly half a
century old, but it was only in January, 1884, that it
assumed the name and title “‘ National.” Like many other
great undertakings, it had a small and unpretentious be-
ginning. Nearly all the early members have long since
passed away, leaving a new, but quite as enthusiastic and
industrious, set of men to continue the work which had so
ably been begun.

Just previous to the date above mentioned, the officers
of what was then known as the Borough of Hackney
Chrysanthemum Society, finding that the culture of their
favorite plant had rapidly increased in England, and that
a love for the flower prevailed to a greater extent than
had previously been the case, and believing that there was
ample room for a more useful and larger sphere of opera-
tions, decided to abandon their local name and necessarily
restricted field of labor, and by the adoption of a more
extensive programme, develop into a society of a thoroughly
national character. At that time there were many impor-
tant Chrysanthemum societies all over the kingdom, some of
which were holding exhibitions of a high standard of excel-
lence, and those persons who advocated the change based
their arguments upon the fact that the Boro’ of Hackney
society was the oldest of its kind, and that many eminent
growers in all parts of the country, who would naturally
stand aloof from joining a local society no matter what
degree of fame it might acquire, would hasten to join a
national concern. It was further argued that the time was
ripe for such a society; disputes were constantly arising
about the classification and nomenclature, and these could
only be decided by the various opinions of the different
judges at the shows where such questions arose, or as some-
times was the case, by an appeal to one of the organs of the
horticultural press. Such decisions as these were of course
not always accepted with unanimity, and the advocates of a
national organization, fearful that some similar body would
take the initiative, urged the Boro’ of Hackney society to
lose no time in changing its name and work. This is
briefly how it is we have our present National Chrysanthe-
mum Society, and the hopes and anticipations of those who
brought about the change have been more fully realized than
ever they could have imagined. In a very few years the

standard of cultivation has been materially improved, the
Ir

QO F all the special institutions devoted to horticulture

flower is more widely grown and admired than ever, the
society’s exhibitions are the delight of every beholder, thous-
ands of visitors attending them instead of hundreds ; and
everything tending to promote these and kindred subjects
concerning the flower has been placed upon a solid footing
and centralized. The National Chrysanthemum Society
practically legislates for all other similar societies, and
decides authoritatively many questions and disputes which
are submitted to it from all quarters of the country.

Opinions differ regarding the exact date of the society’s
formation and first exhibition. The year 1846 is generally
given as the date of both ; but if a show was actually held
in that year, it cannot be regarded as the show of the
society, but as a mere private effort of some of the founders,
which probably resulted in the society being established the
following year, because we find in contemporary horticul-
tural literature that the reports of the early exhibitions date
from the year 1847. Thus, in ‘‘Gossip for the Garden”’ for
1856, we find the show described as the tenth annual one,
whereas it would have been the eleventh had the society
begun in 1846.

If chronological differences abound, it is certainly not so
with regard to the actual origin and founders’ names, for
one who has been familiar with the old north London
growers says: ‘‘ What a host of pleasant reminiscences is
started by a glance at the names of some of our Chrysan-
themum fathers! Perhaps the very first who are entitled to
recognition are the founders of the original Stoke-Newing-
ton Chrysanthemum Society, Messrs. Holmes, Tant and
James. How little they ever dreamed that their mutual
resolve, while returning from the Vauxhall Dahlia Show of
1845, on the top of a ’bus, to hold a friendly competition at
the old “ Rochester Castle,’ in the following November (the
loser to pay for a steak supper), would have resulted insuch
an organization as the national society of to-day.” Yet so
it was, and since those words were written the society has
doubled both financially and numerically.

The late Mr. Shirley Hibberd has, in his own inimitable
way, given an excellent word picture of the early days of
this society, which may be most appropriately reproduced
here: ‘* Let us go back to the beginning in order to claim
for this rural suburb of Stoke-Newington whatever renown
it should have as the home of the first Chrysanthemum
society. Picture, if you can, one of our old-fashioned
wayside hostelries and call it the ‘ Rochester Castle.’ Go
back five and twenty years,* and picture the low-roofed
parlors wherein every evening a number of the better class
of tradesmen and small gentlemen of the village envelop
themselves and each other in clouds of tobacco smoke, and
while stirring their toddy discussed the politics of the day
and the latest scandal of the district and the personal pre-
dilections of the most prominent members of the ‘ parlor.’
There you shall see a big handsome man of generous rosy

* This was written in 1877.

12 THE NATIONAL SOCTETV OF ENGLAND.

face, and the complexion and expression of a true Anglo;
or, if not that, at least as fine a typical Englishman as a
searcher after ethnological types could desire. That is
Robert James, the landlord of the ‘ Rochester,’ a first-rate
host, an enthusiastic and able florist; a man of broad
sympathies and healthy tastes. The Chrysanthemum has
become a pet of his, and he has formed a collection of
some five and twenty sorts. The talk of the parlor turns
upon horticulture, quite according to custom, and an
exhibition of Chrysanthemums is determined on, and
Robert James takes the lead as treasurer and advocate ;
and, of all the workers in the movement, best of all lays
claim by his activities to be forever after known as the
Father of the first Chrysanthemum society.”

Among the early members of the Stoke-Newington
Florists’ Scciety for the Cultivation and Exhibition of the
Chrysanthemum, as it was rather lengthily called, the
names of William Holmes, Sr., George Taylor, Edwin
Merry, Edwin Sanderson, etc., stand out prominently as
indefatigable workers in promoting its welfare and in con-
tributing to its shows. At an early stage of its existence
prizes for cut blooms besides pot plants were instituted,
although in those days there was no absolute standard set
up, and it was not until the society had passed well out of
its infancy that the immortal fathers of the Chrysanthemum
definitely settled upon the incurved type of flower as
emblematical of all that was perfect and sublime in
Chrysanthemum beauty, and set that form up as the
standard for seedling raisers to work up to. A perfect
globe, with regularly disposed florets, rounded at the tips,
without notch or blemish—this was the inexorable standard
until the weird, fantastic Japanese varieties appeared, to
set all preconceived canons of good taste at defiance.
The old-school florist never could bring his mind to like
the more modern form which has done so much to popular-
ize the famous autumn flower, and never will. Deep
down in his heart there lurks a strong feeling of positive
revulsion against the ‘‘ragged jacks” which have pushed
his favorites aside; and if a florist can hate a flower, the
Chrysanthemum fancier of thirty or forty years ago has a
large and abiding measure of that improper feeling for the
popular ‘‘ Jap.”

Big money prizes, huge silver cups and challenge vases,
gold medals, and similar sordid inducements did not form
the motive power of the ancients. Apart from the shows,
the Stoke-Newington Society held monthly meetings on
the mutual improvement principle. Those who had dis-
covered some important secret in the art of cultivation
made the good news known to the others. Thus we find
early in 1851 the genial Robert James posing as a lecturer,
his subject being the “‘ Pot Culture of the Chrysanthemum,”
which attracted some outside attention, as it was reproduced
shortly afterward in ‘‘ The Florist” and-also in ‘‘ The
Scottish Gardener.’’ Mr. William Holmes, Sr., was alsoa
literary worker. George Taylor, whose son is still an able
and valued worker in the society, discoursed upon the art
of growing the autumn queen, and this he was subsequently
induced to publish in separate form, thereby establishing

his right to be considered the author of the first independent
treatise on the Chrysanthemum published in England,
which is now so scarce that hardly any of the present
generation can claim to have seen it. Edwin Sanderson,
for over thirty years the president, who only last year
joined the great majority, also figures as a zealous literary
worker, besides being, as were all his colleagues, a first-
class practical exponent of the art of growing prize blooms.

It cannot be wondered at that the flower began to be
talked about and freely grown, nor that it was speedily
improved in size, form and color, for as time went on prizes
of considerable value were offered for competition, and
new raisers were not slow to take up the work of seedling
production. As a matter of some public interest, the
Stoke-Newington people appointed a committee, consisting
of Messrs. Callahan, Croxford, Holmes, James, Merry,
Taylor and Sanderson, to select the best varieties then in
cultivation, and it is curious now to note the names of the
flowers then considered the most worthy. Many of them’
have, of course, long since disappeared from our collections;
there are still a few which remain and, after forty years or
more have elapsed, may yet be found in the hands of
jin de siecle exhibitors. The flowers selected by the com-
mittee were as follows : Annie Salter, Beauty, Campestroni,
Cloth of Gold, Defiance, Duke, Dupont de l’Eure, Gem,
Golden Clustered Yellow, Goliath, Imperial, King, Lucidum,
Mdme. Chauviere, Pilot, Princesse Marie, Queen of Eng-
land, Two Colored Incurved, Vesta, Worden.

The Stoke-Newington Chrysanthemum Show had now
become a well recognized annual institution, and its work
appears to have been regularly chronicled in the columns
of the gardening press of theperiod. Owing to the yearly
displays at the Temple, the cultivation of Chrysanthe nums
had spread very rapidly, and numerous other societies
began to spring up, not only in the metropolis, but in other
parts of the country. When the society had reached the
tenth year of its existence, prize money to the extent of
$350.00 was disbursed, and the annual dinner was attended
by ninety-eight exhibitors and friends, and the reporter
adds with approval, a more successful meeting was never
before held.

From that time forward the society increased in members
and in prosperity, excepting perhaps for a brief period
when there was a split and the society became two, an
arrangement which happily did not last long, and finally
resulted in an amalgamation of the divided forces. The
annual shows continued to be held in the neighborhood of
Stoke-Newington, and under the able presidency of Mr.
Ed. Sanderson the society continued to maintain its high
position in the Chrysanthemum world, and the northern
suburb became a kind of floral Mecca to which enthusiastic
and zealous devotees of the goddess ‘‘ Mum” used annu-
aily to make their pilgrimage, to worship at the shrine of
the golden flower, meeting with old friends, discussing the
merits of the show, and expatiating eloquently upon the
beauty of the season’s novelties. Fora little more than a
quarter of a century these men, simple in their tastes and
habits, and uaambitious for the future, were unconsciously

LATEST FAD.

REDUCED ONE-FOURTH.

THE NATIONAL SOCIETY

laying the foundations of one of the greatest societies ever
established in the United Kingdom. The names of them
all will long remain blessed in the annals of their favorite
flower, and it has become a point of honor with those who
now continue to walk in their footsteps to try to prove
worthy of the very substantial legacy of responsibility that
has been bequeathed to them.

In 1874 signs of expansion began to be manifest, and the
show for that year was moved to the town hall, Hackney,
and in the following year the society became known by the
name of the Borough of Hackney Chrysanthemum Society,
Even at that time the schedule and prize list was a very
unimposing looking document, consisting as it did of a four
page leaflet, with prizes in twenty-six classes, the greatest
prize being a sum equil to $15 for plants in pots. Mr
William Holmes, Jr., succeeded to the secretaryship in
1877, and the show was removed to the Royal Aquarium,
Westminster, where it has continued to be held ever since
with increasing success. The schedule for 1879 was double
the:size of its predecessors, and the officials for that year
were: President, E. Sanderson ; vice-president, R. Bal-
lantine; treasurer, J. Harling; and hon. secretary, W.
Holmes; all of whom occupied the same position five years
later, when the conversion into the National Chrysanthe-
mum Society took place. The total of the year’s income
was under $700, the membership 68 persons in all, andthe
society, although very much improved, was yet to feel the
benefit of the changes then made.

The new secretary, by an enlightened and judicious
policy, in which he was ably seconded by his brother offi-
cers, threw into the work all the energy and zeal thata man
could possibly bestow, and after he had been a few years
in office the Aquarium show became one of the sights of
London, the income doubled, a very large accession of
members had been made, and in spite of some little opposi-
tion the officials determined to throw aside the local char-
acter of the society, and by opening up a wider field of
operations, turn it into a national society which should com-
mand the respect and support of growers all over the king-
dom. In 1884 the change was made, and from that time
till now those who were the strongest advocates of a
national Chrysanthemum society have never had to regret
the course they took. The roll of members went up by
leaps and bounds. Almost every grower of repute joined
sooner or later, and even in foreign countries many eminent
lovers of the Chrysanthemum have expressed their sympa-
thy with the work of the society by becoming members.
At an early stage of its national existence, the society
appointed a floral committee to receive and adjudicate upon
new varieties, granting certificates of merit to deserving
seedlings. A medal struck in bronze, in silver, in silver
gilt, and in gold, is also awarded to exhibitors. An official
catalogue of varieties, which has passed through four edi-
tions, exclusive of supplements, has been published and
accepted as authoritative in almost every place where
Chrysanthemums are grown. Additional exhibitions of
early flowering and of late flowering varieties have been
held yearly since 1886. Two exhibitions in the provinces,

OF ENGLAND. 13

and half a dozen conferences on various matters closely
connected with Chrysanthemums, have been held, besides a
very important gathering called the ‘‘ Centenary Festival,”’
organized to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the
introduction of the flower into England; and what is more
surprising than all, is the large measure of success that has
been meted out to the affiliation scheme. Upwards of one
hundred horticultural or Chrysanthemum societies are
affiliated to the National Chrysanthemum Society, many of
them in remote quarters of thecountry, anda number being
situated in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Much of the detail work is relegated to sub-committees,
but the officers and general committee are the governing
body. A point that will probably strike an American
reader as somewhat curious is that out of all the officers,
uot one, save the secretary, is in any way connected with
the nursery trade or any branch of it. They are purely
and simply Chrysanthemum amateurs, and itis in a great
measure to that class of cultivators that the National
Chrysanthemum Society owes much of its greatness to-day.
The general committee, which consists of thirty-six elected
members, is also remarkable in its composition, there being
only eight out of that number who are in any way directly
connected with the trade, the others being either gardeners
or dona fide amateurs. These facts are mentioned to show
American readers the power of the amateur element in
advancing floriculture in this country, and it is noteworthy ;
that in other societies, which can claim the greatest success,
a similar experience must also be recorded.

In 1889 the society was reconstructed, and the rules
amended and codified. Lord Brooke was appointed presi-
dent, but has since been succeeded by an enthusiastic
admirer of the Chrysanthemum in the person of Sir Edwin
Saunders, F. R. C. S., etc. The other members of the
executive are: Treasurer, I. R. Starling, Esq.; chairman
of committees, R. Ballantine, Esq.; vice-chairman of
committees, E. C. Jukes, Esq.; Chairman of floral com-
mittee, W. H. Fowler, Esq.; secretary, Mr. Richard Dean;
foreign secretary, Mr. C. Harman Payne; all of whom
have been connected with the society since its foundation
on a national basis

As the society stands to-day it has among its patrons
some of the highest nobility of the land. It has revenue
equivalent to $5,000 per annum, nearly half of which is
distributed in prize money at its exhibitions. Its roll of
membership amounts to about 600 persons, including all
the most eminent specialists and authorities on the Chrys-
anthemum in England, America, Belgium, France, etc.
As an indication of its far-spreading influence, it need only
be said in conclusion that the society has in addition to
these, correspondents in every country where Chrysanthe-
mums are grown, even in China and Japan, and that at the
Antipodes, where much interest is now being taken in this
flower, growers have been found to send over some of their
productions to London frozen in blocks of ice in order to
obtain an opinion of their respective merits from the general
committee of the society.

If there is one thing that characterizes the proceedings of

OUTDOOR

ITH many gardeners, both amateur and pro-

\ \ / fessional, it is a problem of no smal! magni-

tude to find sufficient space under glass for
all the plants they feel compelled to cultivate. The
Chrysanthemum—formerly considered a fairly hardy plant
—has of late years been added to the number which are
thought to require greenhouse accommodation all the year
round. While this may be partially true in the case of
exhibition specimens, where the plants demand the greatest
care and protection from destructive storms and insects, or
in the cultivation of some few varieties which are known
to be of weak constitution and unable to withstand any
considerable fluctuations of temperature, it is by no means
essential to the production of good plants for the ordinary
purposes of decoration. Late in the season, when the
weather outdoors grows cold, the plants of course must
have protection; but where there are graperies or other
fruit houses connected with the garden, as are the circum-
stances here and in many other places, this can be easily
and efficiently provided. Most of our greenhouses are
filled with the choicest kinds of exotics throughout the
year, and consequently our Chrysanthemums are grown
outdoors and removed to the graperies on the approach of
cold weather, when the vines have ripened their growth
and generally completed their activity for the season. As
this has been the practice here for several years, giving
complete satisfaction, it may be well to furnish a closer
view of the details of culture and management.

The cuttings—selecting clean and healthy, short-jointed
material—are taken about the latter end of February,
planted singly ia two-inch pots, using a somewhat sandy
compost, and placed in a cool propagating box, the tem-
perature of which averages about fifty degrees. Here they
remain, with the required attention to watering and shading,
until rooted, when they are removed toa bench near the
glass. Having filled the pots tolerably full of roots, the
plants are potted on into others two inches larger, this
time employing a compost of loam and well-rotted cow
manure, three parts of the loam to one of manure, adding
also a little leaf mold and sand. When fairly established
in the new soil, they are pinched for the first time. Care-
ful watering, syringing morning and evening of bright
days, and plenty of ventilation in open weather fully covers
their requirements until they are again ready for larger pots.
Six inch pots are now used, and the soil should be heavier
than that employed for the previous potting. Providing
the loam is of a turfy, fibrous character, the leaf mold
and sand should be totally discarded from the compost,
otherwise the sand may be retained. The plants should
now be allowed plenty of room, and pinching must be
given careful attention. I find it a very essential point to
have all the necessary pinching completed not later than
the first of June, and in this operation care should be taken
not to pinch too severely, merely removing the extreme
point of each shoot to be stopped, and always allow the

CULTURE.

plants to reguin their full vigor before pinching a second
time, as otherwise the growth is inclined to be weakly.
The green and black aphides are the only insects likely to
attack them at this period, and these are easily got rid of
by fumigation with tobacco on two or three successive
evenings. Should caterpillars of any kind appear, they
must be picked off by hand and destroyed without delay.
About the first of June—a week or so later, if they have
been pinched so late as the first of the month—the plants
will be ready for their final shift into ten-inch or fourteen-
inch pots, the latter size preferred for such free-growing
kinds as Lilian B. Bird, Snowstorm, Kioto, Good Gracious,
etc., using this time a strong, rich compost, three parts
loam to one of cow manure and a sprinkling of pure
ground bone and pulverized sheep manure. A little soot
is also a valuable addition, for while imparting to the
foliage a rich green color, it at the same \ime helps to keep
worms out of the pots. After potting, the plants may be
placed out of doors in a good sheltered position, plunging
the pots to the rim in the earth, and arranging them about
three feet apart in rows. A piece of board, tile or slate
should be placed underneath the pots to prevent the roots.
from becoming established in the surrounding soil.

Watering must now be given careful attention. And itis
not sufficient to merely water the soil in the pots, but if
possible, the hose should be used to sprinkle the surrounding
ground every evening, and at the same time to spray the
plants overhead. This moistening process, especially in
dry weather, is very essential to success. Pinching should
be discontinued when the plants are removed to outside
quarters, and as a further guard against the roots penetrat-
ing the soil in which the plants are plunged, it would be
well to turn the pots around in their place about once a
week. Staking and tying should receive regular attention,
and a sharp watch must now be kept on insects. The
squash bug is the first to make the attack, and then we
have grasshoppers and caterpillars, followed later in the
season by a brown fly about the size and shape of the
squash bug. This brown fly is very injurious, and appears
to devour the heart of the shoots, stopping their growth
altogether. The best method of getting rid of the fore-
going pests is by picking them off.

Mulching with pure cow manure, about the second week
of July, isexceedingly beneficial. It serves three purposes ;
first, as a feeder ; secondly, it prevents evaporation, so that
the roots require less water ; and it is of additional utility
in preserving the roots ina cool state. When the mulching
has become exhausted, liquid manure may be applied
freely. That prepared from sheep manure is preferable ;
but if such can not be had readily, cow manure will serve
the same purpose. In order to secure blooms of good
quality, it is necessary to disbud, and if possible the early
buds, those that appear in July and August, should be
preserved. Should any of these be deformed, however,

the next earliest may be selected, choosing the largest and
16

EDWIN LONSDALE. ARTHUR H. FEWKES.

W. A. MANDA. T. D. HATFIELD

SOME AMERICAN PIONEERS.

See ‘‘Men of Note.”

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY. 17

best of the several which appear on each shoot, and remoy-
ing all the other weaker ones. The plants may be placed
under cover about the middle of September, if space can
be spared in a cool greenhouse at that time, and in any
case this work should not be deferred beyond the latter end
of the month.

One other thing has been strikingly noticeable in our
plants during the past three years. They are grown ina
frame-yard which is enclosed on one side bya picket fence
running east and west, and I find that the two rows of plants
plunged on the north side of this fence are much superior
to the others grown on the south side. Those two lines
have partial shade for about three hours mid-day, and
while I am not prepared to advocate any great amount of
shade for Chrysanthemums, I believe there is such a thing
as too much sun for plants grown in pots. The wood of
plants fully exposed becomes hard and over-ripened, the

growth stunted, and hence incapable of producing fine
flowers. It is probable, of course, that planted-out stock
cannot have an over-supply of sunshine, but on this
question I am not in a position to offer an opinion, as I
have had little or no experience in that direction. And for
similar reasons I am indisposed to urge the superiority of
our method of culture as against the practices of other
growers. But considering our circumstances, we have
been very successful, and these hints may be useful to
others similarly placed. We grow about two hundred
specimens every year, and more than half of them have
been better than the average. Most of the vigorous
varieties can be successfully grown in this way, but some
of the weaker ones, such as Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, Dr.
Mandeville, Peter Kay and others, require greater care.

—James Scott.
Syracuse N. Y.

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY.

ized in Buffalo, MN. Y., at the regular annual con-

vention of the Society of American Florists, August
22, 1889. It was started by asmall band of enthusiasts,
of whom John Thorpe was the recognized leader. When
called upon to make a report on the matter, Mr. Thorpe
responded: “In view of the Chrysanthemum being of so
much importance, I am sorry to say that, as yet, we have
not done anything toward the establishment of a national
Chrysanthemum scciety. I want to ask all the members
of this association who are interested in the Chrysanthemum
(and I know that all of them are interested in it), to meet
here to-morrow morning, at nine o’clock, so that we can
formulate a plan upon which to begin action immediately
after the session of to-morrow morning.” These remarks
were delivered by Mr. Thorpe before the Society of Amer-
ican Florists, August 20th, and accordingly the Chrysan-
themum Society was established August 22d. The follow-
ing constituted the first board of officers: John Thorpe,
Pearl River, N. Y., president ; Wm. K. Harris, Philadel-
phia, Pa , vice-president ; John Lane, Chicago, IIl., treas-
urer; Edwin Lonsdale, Philadelphia, Pa., secretary.
These men continued in office up to and during 1892, when
the following appointments were made: Wm. K. Harris,
president ;-E. G. Hill, Richmond, Ind., vice-president ;
Myron A. Hunt, Terre Haute, Ind., treasurer ; Edwin
Lonsdale, secretary. In 1893, the officers elected were :
Elijah A. Wood, West Newton, Mass., president; E. G.
Hill, vice-president; M. A. Hunt treasurer; Elmer D.
Smith, Adrian, Mich., secretary.

The same board, with the exception of the treasurer, was
again appointed at Atlantic City, N. J., in 1894. Mr.
Hunt having died April 23d, of that year, John N. May,
of Summit, N. J., was elected in his place. At the meet-
ing held in Toronto, Can., August, 1891, it was decided to

T : Chrysanthemum Society of America was organ-

prepare a classified list of varieties, based on the American
ideas of form, utility, etc., and Elijah A. Wood was en-
trusted with the work. In this Mr. Wood called to his
assistance his friend and neighbor Mr. Arthur H. Fewkes,
and the result of their unitea efforts was the excellent
report presented at the meeting held in Washington, D.C.,
August, 1892. This report has been printed, making a
pamphlet of some thirty seven pages, and constitutes the
first publication of the American society. A committee
appointed in 1892 to prepare constitution and by-laws, pre-
sented same at the meeting held in St. Louis, Mo., August
9, 1893, when they were adopted. The most important
work done by the society up to the present time has been
the registration of new names, thereby preventing duplica-
tion and the increase of synonyms. The vast number of
novel varieties now put upon the market annually by the
dealers renders registration an imperative necessity, and
the incidental labor which falls upon the secretary would be
materiaily lessened if all disseminators of new sorts would
kindly send to him the names (carefully and correctly writ-
ten) and descriptions of their novelties at the earliest pos-
sible date.

A promising departure in the procedure of the society
was made last year in the appointment of local committees
to examine and report on all new varieties submitted to
them. There were five of these committees, one each in
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Chicago,
This movement will undoubtedly need extension, and per-
haps it should be amended so as to empower the commit-
tees to award suitable certificates to those exhibiting new
varieties of satisfactory merit. It would also be well for
the society to award one medal for the best novelty of each
season, the prize to be given through some prominent soci-
ety responsible for a regular Chrysanthemum exhibition,
and not to be competed for in the same state two years in

18 SOME NEGLECTED GROUPS.

succession. All who are interested in Chrysanthemums
should join this society, and help the good work along.
The fees are nominal, and the unity of action consequent
upon a better concentration of forces may be made mutu-
ally serviceable. In the few years of its existence, consid-
ering the amount of ground to be covered, the Chrysanthe-
mum Society of America has performed a work which for
utility and thoroughness will compare favorably with that
of the early years of any similar body. Where the workers
are so muchscattered and isolated, it is a matter of extreme
difficulty to get them into line. The society is as yet far
from being as perfect as it ought to be, and none are better
aware of this fact than the men nowatthe helm. Mistakes
have been and are still unavoidable ; and while there are
none of a serious character with which the society can be
justly charged, those having the shadow of a foundation

SOME

HE fashion which in recent years has prevailed for
1 large. flowered Chrysanthemums, has ousted from
public favor many not less beautiful kinds that used
to be popular, and indeed were the only kinds known to
those who cultivated Chrysanthemums in their outdoor gar-
dens. As I write, there is in an adjacent garden a beautiful
bush of a pompon variety, bright yellow in color, which
has flowered in the same and other gardens for many years
every autumn, brightening up what would otherwise be a
dreary place at this season. The roots of these plants are
left to take care of themselves in the open border all winter,
and this is possible on account of their hardiness as com-
pered with the more tender, large-flowering Japanese Chrys-
anthemums. It is doubtful if one could now get a set of
the old-fashioned Artemisias, as these plants were known
years ago; but there are many sorts in cultivation in Bri-
tain, which are there well thought of and cared for,
and if the demand were increased, there would be no
lack of dealers who would be ready to meet it with a supply.
The name pompon in this connection applies to the sorts
that have small, round, button-like blooms in clusters.
There are many colors, such as white, yellow, pink and
bronzy-red, and sometimes the flowers are quilled in the
center like the Chinese Aster, but more often they are
me-ely miniatures of the larger reflexed varieties.

There is another class known as Anemone-flowered
Chrysanthemums, and among these are some that are
large, of beautiful colors, and graceful in shape, especially
those called Japanese Anemones, or the kinds that have the
outer row of florets reflexed and parallel with the stem,
while the center is built high with quilled florets. This
class was very popular a few years ago and many additions
were then made to it, but lately nothing has been heard of
them owing to the craze for large or mammoth blooms, and
the Anemones do not grow to the size or depth of the
incurved and Japanese varieties. They have, however, a

might have been avoided by the prompt action of the com-
plaining parties. But this tardiness of the growers, ama-
teur, professional and commercial, to co-operate with the
society in its work of regulating Chrysanthemum matters is
the one feature which the officers have been and will ever
remain unable to overcome. The hearty and spontaneous
assistance of all the growers is fundamentally essential to
healthy progress in any movement of this nature. The
growers can assist very materially in the development
of the society in many ways, and in none more forcibly
than by a speedy recognition of its regulations. It is
perhaps true that in local instances the arrangements
have not been always satisfactory, but in this regard
it should be remembered that all the growers demand
attention, and that it would be quite unfair to disregard
several for the accommodation of one individual. —M, B.

NEGLECTED GROUPS:

beauty all their own, and it is not to be despised. One we
have now (November) in bloom, called American Eagle,
is a large white and purple flower, very beautiful and nearly
six inches across. Another nearly as large, but of pink
color, is Judge Hoitt, while Thorpe Junior is a good yellow
one. All of these are Anemones, and easily obtained from
any of the dealers in Chrysanthemums. It is possible to
grow the Anemone-flowered varieties to a larger than ordi-
nary size by disbudding and treatment similar to that
required to grow large flowers of the other sorts, but the
same treatment will not make a pompon variety develop
large blooms. These are essentially clustered kinds, and
must be grown without disbudding to get the best results,
hence their adaptability to outdoor culture.

Another class is known as reflexed Chrysanthemums, and
inciudes those whose florets are flat and the reverse of in-
curved, as in the group known as Chinese—and in passing
it may be well to remark that the kinds known as Japanese
have no especial right to the title, inasmuch as these and
the so-called Chinese have one common origin in the species
C. Sinense, of which all cultivated Chrysanthemums are
mere garden forms. But to return to the reflexed kinds, a
good and well known example of which is found in the
variety Cullingfordii, which is more commonly grown to-day
than any other, a circumstance largely due to its unique
color, and in this regard it would be interesting to know
how so distinct a break was obtained, whether direct from
Japan, by sport, or from seed.* The many attempts to get
the same color in other and larger flcwers have hitherto
yielded but little returns, save perhaps in the kind raised
by Thorpe and known as G. W. Childs. This has much of
the Cullingfordii blood in it, but is liable to burn from too

*The variety Cullingfordii was raised in London, England,
by Mr. W. H. Cullingford in 1882, from seed procured from a
French dealer. Nothing is known of its parentage, but the
plant was grown on at Mr. Cullingford’s country residence,
Seaford, Sussex, and was first flowered out of doors with the
simple protection of a glass cover.—ED,

SHEDS AND

mech exposure to the sun when the flowers are fully cpen.
Viviand Morel is also classed as a reflexed variety by the
Chrysanthemum Society of America, and followed in this
by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, it is difficult to
understand the arrangement, for a more thoroughly typical
Japanese variety than this charming flower cannot well be
imagined. Another old variety belonging to this class
is Progne, a rich amaranth-colored and highly fragrant
Chrysanthemum that used to be often seen in gardens, as
also were Christine, white, and Golden Christine, yellow.
These are most suitable for pot culture, and need protec-
tion in autumn just as do the better known kinds ; but to
those who love flowers for their own sake, and not for the
enormities so often seen, these lesser known varieties are a
source of pleasure, and give good results with far less care
than is necessary to develop the large flowers even on the
kinds that are known to produce them.

The single-flowered Chrysanthemums are really reversions
to the original type, and all batches of seedlings give a
large proportion of plants that produce single flowers. This
is easily understood, for the tendency of all artificially im-
proved garden plants is to revert to their natural form, and

SEEDS AND

HE production of improved Chrysanthemums is at
af the present time receiving more than ordinary
attention, not only in advancement of the art of
producing fine blooms, but also in exercising keen judg-
ment in the selection of varieties to produce the seeds. It
is some time since the artificial cross-fertilization of
Chrysanthemums was first advocated : but there were
many who declined to accept this new theory, holding that
Nature’s own way, by wind and insect agency, could not
be improved upon. I think hand pollenized seeds are
to-day preferred to those naturally produced. It certainly
seems rational to hope for greater achievement from seed-
lings of selected parentage, than from those which the
wind (without intent) or the insect (without motive, further
than its own sustenance) have haphazardly united, good,
bad and indifferent.

Late struck cuttings grown on in four-inch pots are the
most suitable for the seed bearing plants, and should be
placed by themselves in a dry, light house as soon as they
show color. When the flower is two-thirds developed.
take a pair of scissors and cut the florets off close to the
styles (which are located at the base of the florets), but be
careful not to cut or injure the styles in any way. In
from three to ten days the styles will elongate and open at
the top so as to expose the stigma or upper surface, which
is the part that is to receive the pollen, and is ready to be
operated upon when in this condition. If varieties are
selected which have many disk florets, or, as commonly
termed, have a center or eye, cut them out before they
develop pollen, and thus prevent self-fertilization. Pollen

SEHEDLINGS. 19

it is only by the exercise of the utmost care and vigilance
in crossing that the artificial standard can be maintained.
But many of these reversions have in times past taken the
fancy of the raisers, and have been saved from the rubbish
heap on this account. They have no commercial value in
these days, though there isa kind called Daisy that has
been often exhibited, and on account of its simple beauty
elicited admiration from all who saw it. This variety
resembles a large-flowered Marguerite, or French Daisy,
more than the conventional Chrysanthemum, and is really
well worth growing by those who love uncommon things.
Chrysanthemum seed of good germinating power is now
easily obtained from any of the large dealers, and the plants
are as readily propagated from seeds as are the common
Chinese Asters. There is a good deal of pleasure in watch-
ing the development of the flowers of seedlings in autumn.
Sometimes a few really good varieties, worthy of perpetua-
tion, will be found among them, and in any case the flowers
are interesting and beautiful, even though the majority of
them prove to be single.
—E. O, Orpet.
South Lancaster, Mass.

SEEDLINGS.

may be taken from blooms cut and stored in water for the
purpose, or from those on the plants, on bright sunny days
by a camel’s hair pencil, and applied to the stigma of any
desired variety. By having each plant labelled, it is very
simple to keep a record of the work, and it often affords
pleasure to know the pedigree of a fine seedling. For this
take the smallest size of shipping tag, and first write the name
of the seed plant and then that of the pollen parent, thus :
CULLINGFORDII
x
Gro. W, CHILDs,

and tie it to the plant. In from four to six weeks the seeds
will be ripe, and may be sown at anytime in light soil, and
placed in a temperature of 60 to 65 degrees, The young
seedlings are quite apt to damp off, and should be watered
with care and given as much air as possible until they have
the third or fourth pair of leaves, when they may be con-
sidered past danger. From this time on they will need the
same attention as other varieties, and may be grown in
pots, boxes, or on the bench, at the option of the grower.

In the course of our improvements from time to time we
have grown more and more exacting, and at present a
seedling must present many good qualities to be com-
mended ; and as our varieties, with a few exceptions, are
more or less faulty, the hybridizer experiences some diffi-
culty in making selections for seeding. I doubt if anyone
has detected the laws of Nature governing the potency of
varieties as parents, although we do know some have
greater force than others, showing very markedly their
peculiarities when used as either seed or pollen parents.

20 MEN OF NOTE.

From our point of view, the massive blooms of these days
are wonderful improvements, while Dame Nature considers
us as impostors, our efforts greatly obstructing her law of
reproducing by seed, and thus it is that there is such a
tendency in seedlings to revert to the original single type of
flower. Seedlings from two double flowers often produce
flowers far inferior toeither. This inclination to deteriorate
or partake of remote antecedents again confronts us in our
efforts to produce the desired colors. Seeds from two
whites may produce white, pink, or yellow; so at the
beginning we have mo assurance of the result. An artist
will take his palette and show you that a little yellow
mixed with scarlet will intensify the scarlet, and in adding
yellow little by little will produce all shades from vivid
scarlet to orange. A certain amount of white upon red
will give a beautiful shade of pink, as was brought about
in tne cross of Edwin Molyneux (crimson) pollenized by

Mrs. Alpheus Hardy (white), producing lady Playfair
(pink) ; but more than likely this same operation would not
produce the same result unless exactly the same conditions
could be maintained. These variations of results may be
due to the conditions of the plants treated, such as vigorous
or weak, or the condition of the stigma at the time it
received the pollen, or the condition of the pollen when
applied. In crossing two colors we cannot arrive at
definite conclusions until the flowers are before us, and
such conditions will exist until we know more of the laws
governing the potency of varieties. We may not make
very marked headway in this direction for years to come,
but if those interested will keep minute records of the
results obtained for a number of years, they may be able
to throw some light on the subject.

—Elmer D. Smith.
Adrian, Mich.

MEN OF NOTE.

NE of the most pleasing and instructive forms of
recreation within the reach of modern gardeners,
is a perusal of the records of their predecessors in

the various departments of horticulture and floriculture, as
generously preserved in the professional journals and mag-
azines. The annals of our favorite flower fairly teem with
illustrious names, and in this country John Thorpe must
be accorded a foremost place among her champions. The
best years of his life have been spent in promoting the
interests of floriculture, elevating it to a higher and purer
standard. He was the prime mover in the formation of the
Society of American Florists, and the president of that
institution during the first two years of its existence. But
notwithstanding this and many other brilliant services ren-
dered floriculture in general, it is as an advocate of the
Chrysanthemum that we see him at his best. Always ready
with tongue and pen to tell of his beloved flower, he taught
the press and learned societies to recognize her, and thus
opened the way to the foundation of the Chrysanthemum
Society of America. He was the author of the first work
on the flower published in this country, ‘‘ How to Grow
Chrysanthemums,” which appeared in1886. John Thorpe
is a native of England, having been born in 1842, and
came to this country in 1874. He was for a time with the
late firm of V. H. Hallock & Son, of Queens, N. Y., and
later was engaged in business on his own account at Pearl
River, N. Y. When the Columbian Exposition was got
under way at Chicago, he was appointed chief of the flori-
cultural department, and is now, with offices in Chicago, I
understand, engaged in the business of landscape gardener.
His brusque yet kindly features are perhaps more familiar
to the florists and gardeners of the United States than those
of any other horticulturist. See frontispiece.
EDWIN LONSDALE.

Tt will interest many of our European friends to learn

that the man who now occupies the most influential posi-

tion in American floricultural affairs, viz., the presidency of
the Society of American Florists, is an old school-fellow of
that eminent horticultural writer, Mr. Brian Wynne, the
able editor of the ‘‘ Gardening World.” Mr. Lonsdale was
also secretary of this organization in 1888, first president of
the American Carnation Society, and first secretary of the
Chrysanthemum Society of America, so that the crowning
honor has been well earned. Mr. Lonsdale has always
taken a leading part in all enterprises having for their
object the welfare and advancement of American horticul-
ture. He is perhaps best known as an authority on Carna-
tions, but has done a vast amount of work in all other
departments, including Palms, Orchids, Roses and Chrys-
anthemums, He was born inasmall hamlet near Shrews-
bury, Shropshire, England, but with his parents at an early
age removed to Shenstone, near Lichfield, Staffordshire.
After leaving school, he served some years in various Staf-
fordshire gardens, including those of Manley Hall, and
about 1865 moved to Hanover Lodge, Regents Park, Lon-
don. Later he returned to Staffordshire, and was employed
under Mr. Stephen Taplin (now of Detroit, Mich.), in the
gardens of [nville Hall, where in a short time he gained a
more thoroughly practical knowledge of the business than in
all the previous years he had devoted to it. Coming to this
country in 1869, he wasemployed by Mr. Thomas Meehan,
proprietor of the Germantown nurseries, where for about
two years he had charge of the greenhouse department.
He then spent some time in California, and returning to
Philadelphia, settled there to what has proved to be a pro-
fitable business in 1875.

ARTHUR H. FEWKES.

Not many miles from Boston’s busy throng, in Newton,
otherwise known as the Garden City—one of those exquis-
itely beautiful little residential towns for which the suburbs
of the old Bay State capital are renowned—may be found
the home and nursery grounds and greenhouses of Mr.

il AN, ZZ ENE fit ie
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MISS M. M, JOHNSON.

MEN OF

Fewkes. The proprietor is by nature a rather reserved
man, but the visitor who is interested in Chrysanthemums,
and competent to talk about them intelligently, can readily
remove all shyness by turning the conversation to these
flowers. They are his favorites, and with a knowledge of
them which I have seldom seen equalled, he delights to
point out to an appreciative companion their individual
merits and demerits, meanwhile commenting entertainingly
on their history. Mr. Fewkes isa native of the city in
which he resides, and was born in 1856. His interest in
‘Chrysanthemums dates back to some fourteen or fifteen
years ago, when it was first awakened by seeing the plants
of Dr. H. P. Walcott, E. W, Wood and Joseph Clark at
the exhibitions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
and by reading in the ‘*‘Gardeners’ Magazine’’ excellent
accounts of the European exhibitions and other matters
bearing on Chrysanthemums. These plants now became
the one great object of interest to him, and he soon brought
together one of the most extensive collections of them in
the country. He became associated with Dr. Walcott in
the importation of new varieties. and in 1886, through Mr.
John Fottler, of Boston, the Neesima collection fell into
his hands. This lot of plants, numbering some thirty
varieties, attracted widespread attention, as it included the
famous Mrs, Alpheus Harey. The story of that captivat-
ing variety has been more powerful than any other factor in
arousing a general interest in Chrysanthemums during
recent years. The collection also contained the popular
Wm. H. Lincoln, but most of the other varieties have
passed into oblivion,
W. A. MANDA.

The giant figure and earnest face of this wizard of horti-
culture are well known to all the more prominent gardening
specialists of Europe and America. His name is familiar
to amateur and professional growers of plants and flowers
the world over; but there must still be manyof the rank
and file to whom his personal appearance is unknown, and
such as these will gladly welcome his portrait, which, by
the way, is a most excellent one. Mr. Manda is a native
of Bohemia, where he first saw the light in 1862. His
father was a forester, and thus our horticulturist of to-day
was in a measure born to the profession. Indeed, from his
earliest days he had a strong inclination to studies of plants
and their cultivation, and in full sympathy with this he was,
after completing his school education, sent to the gardens
of the Grand Duke of Hessen-Cassel, at Harowitz, where
he served three years. Having been employed for length-
ened periods in prominent gardens, nurseries and seed
houses of Vienna, Paris and London, he came to this
country in 1883, and soon secured a situation as assistant
superintendent of the Harvard botanic gardens, Cambridge,
Mass., and on the resignation of Mr. William Falconer
some months later, he was appointed superintendent. In
1888 he joined with Mr. James R. Pitcher in establishing
the United States Nurseries at Short Hills, N. J., and this
concern being changed to a stock company, he severed his
connection with it, and commenced business on his own
account at South Orange, N. J., about a year ago. Mr.

NOTE. 21

Manda has raised innumerable new Chrysanthemums of
the highest quality, and in purchasing the variety Mrs.
Alpheus Hardy, gave the highest price that has ever been
paid for one.

T. D. HATFIELD.

Undoubtedly intricate as an art, the culture of specimen
plants of Chrysanthemums requires a large amount of
patience and perseverance, and that Mr. Hatfield possesses
these qualities, together with the necessary skill, is fully
manifest from the superb examples of his work wkich may
be seen at the annual exhibitions in Boston. The plants
grown by him are without question the most perfect yet
produced in this country. How he does it is told else-
where in these pages. While many growers are certainly
able to produce flowers of Mrs. Alpheus Hardy of the
highest quality, Mr. Hatfield is perhaps the only one, at
home or abroad, who can claim to be similarly successful
in the development of specimen plants of that beautiful
though capricious Chrysanthemum. He has exhibited
some marvellous plants of this variety in New York and
Boston, and equally good results have followed his treat-
ment of other sorts reputedly weak or unmanageable.
Exhibition plants were of very poor quality in the United
States until he attempted their cultivation some five or six
years ago; but since that time the standard of excellence
has been greatly advanced, and Mr. Hatfield has always
kept well in front of all competitors. He is a gardener by
profession, and a native of Cottingham, a small village
near Hull, Yorkshire, England. Having served some
years in various gardens in the vicinity of Hull, he went
to Kew, and remained in that establishment two years.
He was afterward employed in prominest British gardens,
and later became foreman of the herbaceous department of
the Chad Valley Nurseries, Birmingham, whence he came to
thiscountry in 1884. After being employed three years in the
capacity of grower by Messrs. Woolson & Co., of Passaic,
N. J., he entered upon the duties of his present position
as gardener to Mr. Walter Hunnewell, of Wellesley, Mass.

ELIJAH A, WOOD.

As president of the Chrysanthemum Society of America,
Mr. Wood has brought the work of the institution into
that state of activity which alone can make it useful! to the
community. For some time after its foundation, the
society did not appear to prosper so well as its friends
expected ; but the placing in office of the latest president
imparted a livelier pace to its proceedings, and the policy
he has adopted seems to suit our growers better than any
other. It would have been difficult under any circum-
stances to make a wiser selection. Mr. Wood is immensely
popular, and his knowledge of Chrysanthemum matters in
this country is of the most complete order. He is the
great social personage of all floricultural gatherings in the
United States. Small of stature, he is familiarly known
as ‘‘ Little Woodie ;” but his brilliant wit and capacity
for pointed criticism in floral affairs render him a giant
intellectually. He sings delightfully, and his songs do
much to make conventions, excursions, etc., enjoyable.
Mr. Wood is a native of Newton, a few miles from Boston,

to
tN

Mass Hewas born in 1859, and for many years was a
close neighbor and intimate friend of such Chrysanthemum
experts as Arthur H. Fewkes and Henry A. Gane. Fora
long time he devoted considerable attention to experiments
with Chrysanthemums at his father’s floral establishment
in Newton, and he was the first grower to exhibit specimen
blooms in New York in vases. This event may be said
to have been the death knell of the exhibition boards and
boxes formerly in use, and we should certainly feel thank-
ful for the action which led to the complete suppression of
such objectionable features. Mr. Wood recently entered
the employ of the South Denver Floral Co., Denver, Colo.,
but the greater part of his previous life was spent on the
old family homestead.

E. G. HILL.

Few of the florists of the United States can better lay
claim to the respect of his fellows than E. G. Hill, of the
well known firm of Messrs Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind.
The worthy vice-president of the Chrysanthemum Society
of America has been in the front of the battle for better
floriculture all his life, and we have the best evidence of a
warm appreciation of his efforts in the fact that he is an
ex-president of the Society of American Florists, also of
the American Carnation Society. Mr. Hill is a native of
Rochdale, Lancashire, England, but came to this country
when a mere child. His forefathers were horticulturists
by profession, and thus as a boy he grew up in the business.
Having served various prominent firms in the capacity of
manager, he some years ago commenced business on his own
account at Richmond, Ind., laying the foundations of the
present prosperous concern. Mr. Hill makes specialties of
Roses, Carnations, Pelargoniums, Begonias and Chrysan-
themums., His collection of Pelargoniums is said to be
very fine. In late years he has grown Chrysanthemums
quite extensively, and has been very successful at the
exhibitions. He has introduced many of our best modern
varieties—Mrs. E. G. Hill, Challenge, Eugene Dailledouze,
etc. Mr. Hill isnot so much an originator of new sorts asa
distributer of them ; but he has himself raised many first-
class varieties, and he possesses that rare faculty of knowing
a good thing when he seesit. This is a characteristic of
the successful florist of the present day, and one that is as
indispensable as the knowledge of essential procedure in
the creation and cultivation of novelties. And Mr. Hill
does know how to grow the flowers, as well as how to
place them before the public to the best advantage, as all
can testify who have seen his exhibits in New York and
elsewhere.

JOHN N. MAY.

Somewhere about the year 1869, there came to this
country a man who was destined to play a prominent part
in our floricultural circles. This was John N. May, now
our greatest authority on Roses and their cultivation. He
was born in Middlesex, England, where his father was a
gardener, and is the descendant of an old Yorkshire
family that has been in the business of florists and nursery-
men in that country for several generations. At the age
of fourteen he was apprenticed to the late J. B. Whiting,

MEN OF NOTE.

of Dorking, Surrey, who was at that time well known as
one of the best practical gardeners in England. After
serving his time there, he spent some years in other large
gardens, principally in the north of England. In these
he was employed, respectively, as journeyman, foreman
and head gardener, until he came to thiscountry. Having
been employed for a time in Canada and Vermont, he finally
located in Madison, N. J., where he shortly took charge of the
Rose growing establishment of the late E. V. Haughwout,
with whom he remained until 1880, when he started in
business for himself at Summit, N. J. Mr. May is a very
busy man, attending personally to all the details of his
extensive grounds and greenhouses, and he has often
remarked to his friends that he has never been idle or out
of employment a single day since he was fourteen years of
age, And yet, he has always found time to take an active
part in the proceedings of the principal horticultural and
floricultural societies. Mr. May has always given largely
of his time and space to Roses; but of late years he has
turned somewhat with the popular taste, and now also
devotes much attention to Chrysanthemums. He has
raised many excellent new varieties, one of which, Olympus,
is figured in this volume.

‘

ELMER D. SMITH.

The man who has given to the world Niveus—the
highest and most beautiful type of Chrysantaemum—is
well entitled to a prominent place among our notable
personages. This man is Elmer D. Smith, of the firm
of Messrs. Nathan Smith & Son, of Adrian, Mich.
Mr. Smith is quite a young man, as may be judged from
his portrait among those of the officers of the American
Society ; but he possesses a very extensive and diversified
knowledge of Chrysanthemums, and he isalso an indefatig-
able worker in their behalf. The Chrysanthemum Society
of America owes much of its usefulness to his untiring zeal
as secretary during the past two years, The paper on
bench culture which he read before the American Florists
in annual convention at St. Louis, Mo., 1893, is perhaps
the most conscientious and thoroughly practical piece of
work on Chrysanthemums which has yet appeared in this
country. By going about the work ina thoroughly scientific
manner, he has succeeded in originating many seedlings
of sterling merit, and he has been no less careful in the
selection of names for his productions. This matter of
nomenclature is far too lightly regarded by the majority of
growers, and the result is that while we have a large
number of names which are not exactly synonyms, they
are, from their close resemblance when hurriedly written,
the next thing to being identical. And again, many
names are large and unwieldly beyond necessity, and in
their use take up more than a fair share of time and space.
The system of short, one-word names, such as Juno,
Mayflower, Sunset, etc., first generally adopted by Dr.
H. P. Walcott, of Cambridge, Mass., some years ago, is
perhaps the best that can be devised. It is tooked upon
as honoring individuals to bestow their names on varieties,
but the custom is generally inconvenient, and the honor
often questionable. —M. B.

AMERICAN VARIETIES IN BUROPE,.

ican seedlings in Europe, but the competition is

Te is much to be done for the growers of Amer-
exceedingly close.

The beautiful varieties of Cal-
vat, of Crozy, and the English novelties, reach us during
the month of December in time to make good plants, while
the American novelties are not received until much later, so
much so that we cannot cultivate them long enough to
make exhibition plants of them. It was thus that I received
last year new varieties from Mr. Spaulding during the
month of June. { shall hardly be able to see even the
color of the flowers. Another grower sent us rooted cut-
tings in a case that was hermetically sealed, and directed
to Ghent via Hamburg and Anvers! There were among
the number Challenge and Eugene Dailledouze, of which I
have been able to save a few fragments. It is useless to
tell you that I did not exhibit either one or the other, and
thus an entire year was lost.

Something has to be done in this direction, and it must
be done, since the American varieties are suitable above all
others to our methods of culture. Cut flowers occupy only
a very small part of our time; the demand is for beau-
tiful specimens with large flowers, firm branches and beau-
tiful foliage. American varieties are distinguished in these
respects, but they should reach us earlier.

$ —O. de Meulenaere.
Ghent, Belyium,

NONE BETTER.

In sending a few notes on the behavior of American vari-
eties in this country, I cannot do better than to first men-
tion the magnificent Niveus, because I certainly regard it
as the best sort that has come to the front in recent years
on our side, and I am not far from the truth in adding that
it is the finest all around kind yet raised. It is grand for
any purpose. The bloom is large and deeply built, with
florets of extra substance, gracefully formed and the purest
of whites. Its foliage is ampleand healthy, the stem strong
enough to hoid each bloom firmly, and under all modes of
cultivation the.flowers are double to the center. As abush
plant for the supply of cut blooms for market, I predict for
this sort a great future here, as well as taking quite a leading
position among exhibition flowers. I must not forget to
mention that its easy culture will cause it to find a place in
the collections of the merest novices in the cultivation of
‘our autumn flower.

W. G. Newitt is a very fine white, but of a different type,
especially in its growth; but I think when its cultural
needs are better understood here, this sort will be highly
valued. The Queen is still another type of white (some-
times tinted) of very fine size and form for exhibition pur-
poses, but for general use I fancy it will not become popu-
lar. Oneremarkable fact may be noted here: ‘The three
American varieties here named gained the distinction of
first class certificates of the National Chrysanthemum Soci-
ety of England on one and the same day. Add to this the

fact that the new Philadelphia would most certainly have
23

secured the same honor had the blooms arrived in time,*
and some idea is obtained as to the position of American
sorts of the white colorin this country. With regard tothe
last-named, judged from the flowers sent over, it appears to
me to be ore of the noblest of all Chrysanthemums. The
incurved type of the Japanese is one that doesnot find such
favor with us generally as on your side, but the florets
build up in such a remarkably graceful form in this case as
to satisfy the taste of everyone in the matter. This sort
also appears to have a good strong constitution, and we
have had the best evidence of the lasting qualities of the
flowers, so that it is safe to say American raisers need not
fear any rivals in the way of producing novelties if they
continue to send us specimens of such handsome character.

There is still another most promising white in Mrs. J.
Geo. Ils, which has hardly had time so far to establish itself
here, although I saw one magnificent bloom from a late-
struck plant. This was exhibited by an amateur grower,
and from the extra points gained by it, he managed to win
a first prize. The bloom measured about eight inches in
diameter, and was full and solid. There is an apparent
lack of finish to the florets at their tips, but this may right
itself another year. Marie Louise should prove a good late
white. It is strange that Ivory has never had a good trial
here, although so popular with you. Miss Annie Harts-
horn is still highly esteemed with us, notwithstanding that
it has not figured so prominently as it did in 1893. That
hot season seemed to suit it admirably, and it was grownin
splendid form. L. Canning is capital as a late-flowering
sort, the blooms grown in quantity on a plant ; but it failed
as an exhibition variety. When disbudded the blooms
absolutely refuse to develop, and I only remember seeing
one good large flower of it. Potter Palmer isa good white,
although for some reason it has never become widely known
here. I have had it from the first, and find it a most excel-
lent grower, producing a good type of bloom. Such kinds
as Niveus, however, will now seriously restrict its growthin
popularity.

H. L. Sunderbruch, among yellows, is indeed a fine
variety, but unhappily its constitution is not of the best.
Magnificent blooms were exhibited last autumn by the two
or three growers who possess it. The flower is so spread-
ing and graceful, as well as large, that were it a better
grower, it would run such varieties as Sunflower, M. Panc-
koucke and others pretty close for the premier position.
Duchess of Wellington isan American sort, being one of
the Pitcher & Manda seedlings purchased by Mr. H. J.
Jones, which has done well. It is a very fine form of the
loosely incurved type, and of a shade of yellow that is par-
ticularly striking. Challenge will be highly valued if by a
long season’s growth it produces blooms a trifle larger than
we found them last year. It is grand in color. The form

*This variety received the highest honor at the disposal of
the English society on the arrival of the blooms namely, a
silver gilt medal.—ED.

24 LUNGOUS
is perhaps a little too close, but it has one essential much
prized on your side, namely, a stout stem, holding the flower
wellin position. ‘This quality, as you well know, is not so
highly appreciated here, because our methods of exhibiting
cut flowers differ greatly from those that obtain in America.
And as a case in point I may mention Sunflower, which is
noted for its weak stem, and yet one of our leading exhibi-
tion blooms.

Eugene Dailledouze has not yet had a fairtrial. The
color is good. Major Bonnaffon is, I fear, too small.
Master Bates Spaulding seems a likely sort to obtain
honors. It is not a bright yellow, however, nor does it
appear to have a constitution strong enough to suit the
general cultivator. The Tribune is a very fine light yellow,
but it was not seen so often or so good last season as one
could wish. Perhaps the comparatively sunless year was
against it. Mrs. R. J. Hamill is an American seedling
with an English name. This is a tall grower, but it bears
very handsome flowers of an incurved form. The color is
light yellow. Sir Edwin T. Smith is another American
sort, and a most beautiful one. The color is similar to that
of Golden Gate, which I believe, was introduced from
Japan, therefore America cannot claim it. And if I am

informed aright, Golden Wedding is from the same source. |

Lord Brooke in bronzes is by far the best. and is seen
everywhere. It grows splendidly, and is a certain bloomer.
Col. W. B. Smith is first in its color and form. Last year
good specimens were scarce, but in the season of 1893 it
was magnificent at all the shows. In this variety America
can claim one of the best half-dozen Chrysanthemums in
cultivation.

George W. Childs will not grow large enough to be
esteemed asashow bloom. In color itis grand, and the
plant has other good qualities; but in these notes I am
guided by the highest comparisons, and from this stand-
point the deep crimson American sorts are not equal to
those of other shades. Wm. Bolia looks like developing a
fine amaranthine crimson bloom, and the habit of the plant

FUNGOUS

IIERE are not many known species of fungi that
a prey destructively upon the cultivated Chrysanthe-
mums. Apparently the first one to be recorded

was Oidium Chrysanthemi Rabenh., the author treating of
this fungus somewhat fully in Hedwegia, No. 5, 1853,
pages Ig-21, with illustrations. From this it is evident
that the Oidium of the Chrysanthemum is the conidial form
of one of the powdery mildews, and most likely Erysiphe
cichoracearum D. C., which is a very common parasite
upon various species of the family Composite, to which
the Chrysanthemum belongs. Until the ascospores and
their perithecia are met with on this host it will be well to
retain Rabenhorst’s name as one of convenience. The
Oidium is a mildew frequently met with upon the Chrysan-

DISEASES:

Eda Prass is
When at its best, as I had it in 1893, this is
one of the most desirable varieties we possess. The growth
is perfect. Silver Cloud has a valuable shade of color, and
I imagine we have not yet seen it in its best form. Mrs.
T. Denne belongs to the incurved section of the Japanese,
and is a good show bloom. Violet Rose was exhibited in
good form last autumn, but it is not sufficiently reliable to
become very popular.

Among the uncertain ones must be mentioned W. W.
Coles, grand when at its best. This sort, however, appears
to thrive most satisfactorily in the cooler parts of the coun-
try. Harry May, Beauty of Castlewood and Mrs. Charles
Wheeler are also unstable. Good blooms of the two last
are particularly handsome, but it requires the most skillful
growers to bring them to perfection. They appear to have
a strong dislike to the smoke of our large towns. Wm.
Tricker is still considered very good. Mrs. E. G. Jiill
makes a fine show bloom, and is extremely useful for sup-
plying cut flowers in quantity, Its flesh pink is a delightful
shade. Puritan is good, but beaten by the American vari-
ety Mrs. W. H. Lees. The flowers of the latter are among
the largest of all Chrysanthemums, but the plant is excep-
tionally tall in growth. The number of American incurved
varieties that are of any assistance to the exhibitor here is
exceedingly limited. C. B. Whitnall has been seen in good
form, and J. Agate, which would easily pass for the Em-
press of India, is among the finest of whites.

The foregoing list contains all the best that come upper-
most in my mind as I write. Under my care there are, I
may say, hundreds of sorts from across the Atlantic, some
of which will as time goes on force themselves to the front.
At any rate, considering the short time that American
growers have been engaged in the work of improving the
Chrysanthemums, their productions will in my opinion
compare most favorably with those from any other part of
the globe. —H. Shoesmith.

Loniton, England.

is good. I consider this variety very fine.
extra good.

DISEASES:

themum, and is easily recognized by the white dust that it
produces upon the foliage, suggesting that flour had fallen
upon the leaves. Roses are frequently affected with a
similar mildew, which was first named Oidium leucoconium
Desm., but this was afterwards determined to be an early
stage of Sphzerotheca pannosa Wallr. The Oidium Tuckeri
Berk. is the widely-known and destructive mildew of grapes
in Europe. American vines are attacked by Uncinula
Americana Howe, which has its first form of spore closely
resembling the Oidium of Europe, and it is likely that
the grape Oidium belongs to the Uncinula. The Chrysan-
themum is no unusual instance of a plant being affected
witlL a powdery mildew which fails to run through its
whole cycle of spore forms,

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MRS. WM. H. RAND.

REDUCED ONE-FOURTH.

FUNGOUS

The mildew of the Chrysanthemum isa fungus consisting
of fine cobwebby filaments that are confined to the surface
of the leaf and make their attachments to the host by
means of minute disks or suckers. In this it is unlike
the other Chrysanthemum fungous pests, which are deeply
seated within the tissue of the host. It is more conspicuous

Gog

Fig, 1.

See Fungous Diseases.

and less destructive than the other fungous enemies, and
on account of its superficial nature should be easily
removed. While it disfigures the plants to some extent, it
does not seriously check their growth, and gardeners will
therefore not trouble themselves if nothing more than the
mildew strikes their plants.

Leaf Spot.—This fungous trouble, Septoria Chrysan-
themi E, & D., first came under the writer’s notice in the
winter of 1891 and 1S92 in connection with the study of
the damping-off of Chrysanthemum cuttings, a note upon
which was made in ‘‘ Garden & Forest,” Feb. 24, 1892,
and later mentioned in the Report of the New Jersey
Experiment Station for ISgI. p. 292.
was found by Prof. Beech at the Geneva, N. Y., Experimert
Station upon the foliage of greenhouse Chrysanthemums,
and in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Station, pp. 557—
60, he writes as follows: ‘‘ The disease first appears in
sma! brown spots which increase in size and number till
the leaf tissue dies and the foliage drops off. In badly
diseased plants nearly all the leaves wither and fall away.”
This Septoria was described by Cavara in 1892, in ‘‘ Fungi
Longobardize Exsiccati,” No. 40, with figures. The
illustration, Fig. 1, is made from a leaf in this coliection,
and Fig. 2 is a reproduction of the engraving that

The same fungus

DISEASES. 25
accompanies Cavara’s specimens above mentioned. This
shows a small portion of one side of an affected leaf in
thin crosssection. A spore-bearing cavity is seen imbedded
in the leaf tissue, and in the center of the cavity (pycnidium)
long slender bodies are to be seen, a few of them projecting
‘from the mouth of the pycnidium. These slender bodies
are the spores of the fungus, and are shown much more
enlarged to the left in the engraving. These spores, made
up of several cells placed end to end, are the “‘ seeds” of
the leaf blight, and by means of them the trouble spreads
from plant to plant. As these spores ooze out of the
cavity bearing them, they may be killed by the fungicide
applied to the surface of the leaf. Badly blighted leaves
may have their surface covered with these spores, and
should therefore be removed from the plants and burned.
It is also distributed in Brasi and Cavara’s ‘* Funghi
Parasite d’ Piante Cultivate,” No. 221.

It is proper to remark here that the same name was
given toa Septoria found upon a wild Chrysanthemum,
the Ox-Eye Daisy, and published by the writer in the
“Torrey Bulletin’ for June, 1893, and No. 301 of
Seymour and Earle’s ‘*‘ Economic Fungi.’’ After the
arrival of Cavara’s specimen in the two exsiccati above
mentioned, and a careful comparison, the American
Septoria upon Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum proves to
be different. The pycnidia of the latter are one-half the
diameter of those of the former and the spores are
correspondingly smaller, being 14 30 millimeters long in
the former and 55-60 millimeters in the latter. The
species upon C. Leucanthemum may therefore well bear
the name of Septoria mimima Hals.—S. Chrysanthemi
Hals., not Cavara.

During the past year the Septoria upon the cultivated
Chrysanthemums has become more or less common and
will likely prove one of the troublesome species of fungi.
Experiments with fungicides for this pest have been
carried out at the Geneva Station, and it is recommended,
atter the removal of spotted leaves, to cover the remaining

Fig. 2. See Fungous Diseases.

foliage with Bordeaux mixture. ‘‘ Five or six applications
will usually be sufficient to keep the foliage covered—
especially if the soap is used.” The following is the
formula for the Bordeaux mixture:
two pounds of copper sulphate (blue stone), add whitewash
made of one and a half pounds of fresh-slaked lime and
dilute to twenty two gallons with water, then add enough

“«Dissolve in water

soap to form a suds.”

26 FUNGOUS

Recent Blight.—Within the past three years there
has been considerable damage done to the cultivated
Chrysanthemums by a blight not easily distinguished from
the leaf blight (Septoria) above mentioned ; but one which
under the microscope has its distinct structural characteris-
tics, This fungus was discovered by Mr. J. Dearness, of
London, Canada and described b Messrs. Ellis and

DISEASES.

Mrs. Senator Hearst variety, which had been sent from
California in the spring. When the fungus appeared the
plants were in vigorous growth; they had been planted
for cut bloom, and had developed stems three-eighths
inch in diameter with corresponding foliage. On the
plants affected in August and September the flower buds
formed, but never opened ; on the plants attacked later,
flower and foliage were arrested at the

r

| stage at which the yellowing and dark
blotching of the leaves set in. * *
* * The fungus can be easily rec-
ognized by the dark blotches, usually
about a half to three-quarters inch in
diameter. In these blotches.are found
the spore heaps or pits, and beyond
them the leaf turns yellow ; not long
afterward the whole leaf shrivels and
is drawn downward to the stem.”

The appearance of plants rendered
worthless by the Cylindrosporium is
shown in Fig. 3. The writer has
during the past two years seen hun-
dreds of plants that were even worse
than the three here shown. Some
varieties appear to be more susceptible,
but experience is yet too limited to:
warrant the drawing of any conclusions
concerning the relation of sorts or
strains of Chrysanthemums to this de-
structive disease. In Fig. 4 is shown
the appearance of a Chrysanthemum
leaf that is affected with the Cylindro-
sporium. The large dark spots are
located without order in the leaf, the
remaining portions having lost the
characteristic green of health and
assumed a yellow color. The way in
which the long spores are produced in
the leaf and break out through the
epidermis upon one sideis indicated by
Fig. 5. While the Septoria, Fig. 2.
has a distinct wall to the spore cavity,
there is ncne to the Cylindrosporium. -
This fungus is distributed in Vol.
XXX., No. 2955, of Eliis’s “* North
American Fungi.” :

New Leaf Spot.—The latest fun-

Fig. 3. See Fungous Diseases.

BY PERMISSION OF “‘THE AMERICAN FLORIST.”
Dearness as Cylindrosporium Chrysanthemi. It is a more
rapid grower than the Septoria, and plants affected with it
are often so stricken down as to be unable to make any
blooms. Mr. Dearness, near the time of the discovery of
this fungus, published a short paper in the ‘* American
Florist * for March 2, 1893, with three engravings, two of
which are here reproduced. The following are quotations
from the article: *‘ It was first observed on a table of the

gous enemy recorded upon the Chrys-
anthemum and the last to receive men-
tion in this brief article is Phyllosticta
Chrysanthem1 E. & D., found by Mr. Dearness, at London,
Canada, and published in the “Canadian Record of
Science” for January, 1893. The specimens from which
the description was made have not been seen by the writer.
The leaf spots are orbicular, purplish-brown, with a dis-
tinct border. The same, or a very closely related fungus
has been met with while examining cuttings of Chrysanthe-
mums that were suffering from damping-off. Occasionally

FUNGOUS

the Septoria and Phyllosticta have been found upon the same
blighted and worthless cuttings in the propagating bed.
REMEDIES.
Under this head much remains to be determined by actual
experiments. From the nature of the fungous enemies, it is

DISEASES.

td
~~

It is doubtless true that much good could be done by
using fungicides, ‘Two only of these will be here considered,
because they are the leading ones, namely, the Bordeaux
mixture and the ammoniacal
copper. ‘The former is easily made in small quantities as

follows: Dissolve six ounces of blue stone

solution of carbonate of

r

Fig. 4. See Fungous Diseases.
BY PERMISSION OF ‘‘ THE AMERICAN FLORIST.”

quite evident that the ordinary fungicides will check the
trouble. In the first place it goes without further saying
that the stock from which cuttings are taken should be as
healthy as possible. Here, as with Carnations, or in fact
any plant, a diseased plant will yield weak cuttings. The
conditions which surround the slips as they are set in the
moist sand are favorable to the rapid growth of the fungus
that was already in the cutting when removed from the
parent plant. Asa second precaution—and precautionary
measures are often the most effective fungicides—the
blighted portions of small plants should be looked for and
removed before they have served their day as spore pro-
ducers. There is certainly much to be done in the study of
varieties and the rejection of those that are constitutionally
weak or predisposed to fungous diseases, If, for example,
the variety Golden Wedding is swept off year after year
with the leaf blight, it is only proper that that sort be given
up by growers who fail with it. One blighted variety may
serve as a place of propagation for the germs that harm
other sorts not otherwise affected.

(sulphate of copper) in a quart of warm
water. Slake six ounces of stone lime ina
quart of water; strain the lime and water
through a coarse cloth and pour the milk of
lime into the vessel with the sulphate of cop-
per ; strain all through a sieve and add water
to make four gallons. This fungicide should
be applied once a week with a knapsack
sprayer to all parts of the plants. When
the plants are few, a smaller amount of the
mixture can be made up and applied with a
bellows vaporizer.

The second mixture named above is made
by dissolving five ounces of carbonate of
copper in three quarts of ammonia and adding
fifty gallons of water. An aliquot part cf
the above may be taken if a smaller quan-
tity is desired. Moisten the carbonate of cop-
per with water in a bottle and add the re-
quired quantity of ammonia. The solution
may be kept corked in the bottle indefinitely,
and the amount desired poured into the water

in the spraying vessel as needed for use.
The latter mixture is not as effective as the
Bordeaux, but does not leave a coating of
lime upon tke plants which would be objected
to by some Chrysanthemum growers.

NEMATODES OR EEL-WORMS.

In the Report of the New Jersey Experi-
ment Station for 1890, record is made of
microscopic worms being frequently found in
the foliage of Chrysanthemums. The plants
thus infested fai'ed to maintain vigor or produce blooms ;
the leaves becon-e curled and brown. Professor Atkinson,
to whom spec-
imens
submitted, re-
ported that the

were

species, a gen-
uine parasite,

vas undescrib-
ed, and pro-
posed for it the
name of Aphe-

lenchus folii-
colous, a ne-
matode that

Fig. 5.

BY PERMISSION OF

See Fungous Diseases.
‘““THE AMERICAN FLORIST.”’

seems to enjoy
a wide range of hosts as it frequents the foliage of Coleus,
Lantanas, Bouvardias, and other ornamental plants.
—Byron D. Halsted.
New Brunswick, N. F.

THE GOLDEN WEDDING TROUBLE.

(The Gardeners’ Magazine.)

themums have been handed to me for examination,

the form called Golden Wedding suffering to the
greatest extent, although the disease is unfortunately not
by any means confined to this variety.

The disease is due to the attack of a minute fungus
called Botrytis infestans Haszl., a species first detected in
Hungary in 1876, where it attacked hemp plants in a
wholesale way. During the interval nothing has been heard
of this pest until the present season, when its widespread
ravages are demonstrating to gardeners the capabilities

| CONSIDERABLE number of diseased Chrysan-

of a minute fungus, and, we trust, also the necessity of
becoming acquainted with the mode of life of destructive
fungi generally, in which case waves of disease like the
one under consideration would not be so prevalent as at the
present day. The spores or reproductive bodies of the
fungus are mature, ard floating in the air, seeking what they
may devour just about the season when Chrysanthemums
are preparing to bloom, and find a congenial home on the
tender upper portion of the Chrysanthemum stem, to
which they are borne by the wind. Once on the moist
stem, the spores germinate within a few hours, the delicate
germ-tube entering the tissues through the stomata, and
very soon develops into a branching weft of mycelium or
““spawn”’ in the superficial cells of the plant. About
three days after the fungus has made its first attack the
mycelium has accumulated a goodly supply of material in
its cells, derived entirely from the plant on which it is
parasitic, and is ready to produce its fruit. At this stage,
slender, pale olive-green branches are pushed through the
stomata into the air, the tips remain colorless, become
b oken up into three or four short, stout branchlets, each
of which bears a large quantity of egg-shaped, colorless
spores, which are at once blown away by the wind, and are
ready to germinate the moment they come in contact with
another Chrysanthemum stem. By this means of rapid
reproduction it will be observed that when the parasite is
once establi-hed the infection of a whole batch of plants
may be accomplished within a week, especially in damp,
warm weather.

At the first stage of attack the fungus, as already stated.
pushes its fruiting branches through the stomata into the
air, but as the mycelium spreads in the tissues of the plant
the fruiting branches burst through the ruptured epidermis
in clusters, and very soon the whole upper portion of the
stem is covered with a short, velvety, olive-green nap,
consisting entirely of the fruiting branches of the energetic
little fungus, and when examined with a good pocket lens,
the sparkling clusters of spores can be seen at the tips of
the branchlets. Being a rare fungus—until the present
season—its life-history is not known, but from analogy, it
is not a complete individual in the condition we know it at
present, but only a stage in the cycle of development of a
cup-shaped, long-stalked fungus called selerotinia ; which

form, if present, will develop next spring from the mycelium
present in the old rotting stems of Chrysanthemums that
have been attacked by the Botrytis form during the autumn,
Next summer the sclerotinia form will produce spores,
which, on finding their way onto a Chrysanthemum stem,
will in turn produce the Botrytis condition. Even if no
selerotinia form does exist, the mycelium of the Botrytis
form will continue to grow and live through the winter
in the diseased, rotten stems which the gardener consider-
ately throws on the rubbish heap.

Botrytis Infestans.

Preventive measures are of the utmost importance. It
is impossible to cure plants that are diseased. When the
fungus is once in the tissues its mycelium spreads to every
part, the leaves of the shoot often also showing the disease.
The lower and harder portion of the.stem is not attacked,
being too hard to admit of the germinating spores
penetrating its substance; but the leaves it bears are
finally attacked, being inoculated with the spores falling
from the upper diseased portions. Plants that show

indications of the disease should have the infected parts
28

oleae

EUROPEAN

cut off and burnt—not thrown on the rubbish heap—and
apparently healthy plants should be syringed with a rose-
colored solution of potassic permanganate (Condy’s fluid),
or a weak sclution of Bordeaux mixture—one ounce of
sulphate of copper, one-quarter ounce of quicklime dissolved

VARIETIES LN AMERICA. 29

in a gallon of water. As the fungus will in all probability
appear next Season, it would be well to anticipate it by
using either of the above solutions soon after the appearance
of the flowering shoots.

—G. Massee-

HUROPHAN VARIETIES. IN AMERICA.

URING the past season I tried a great many of the
leading European varieties ; but with two or three
exceptions, they have proved unsuitable for

American cultivation, and this notwithstanding that they
had all received high honors in Europe. Possibly the
difference in climate had a great deal to do with their
failure here ; but be that as it may, our domestic novelties
gro\n under the same conditions proved infinitely superior.

— John N. May.
Summit, N. J.

A FINANCIAL VIEW.

My experience with all continental varieties has been
such that I have decided in future to let them alone. I
have for more than five years imported everything at fancy
prices and high express charges, and the result has been
that I have received generally rubbish of the most useless
character These importations have not averaged one good
variety per year, and this disappointment and loss, in
addition to the trouble and expense of filling the green-
houses with sorts that must ultimately be discarded, and
the flowers of which are too small or too poor in quality to
be sold. Itcosts from two hundred to three hundred
dollars per novelty of any value to discover those of good
character, and this is an expenditure of actual cash that

_ does not return, .SHowever reluctant I may be to resign it,
I shall be compelled to let others carry on this necessary
work in the time to come.

—Thos. H. Spaulding.
Orange, N. J.

ORNAMENTAL OUTDOORS.

It is gratifying to know that for the past few years we
have been independent of foreign growers, so far as the
production of new varieties of Chrysanihemums is con-
cerned, In nearly all lines of plants we are accustomed to
look abroad for novelties; but in the case of the golden
flower, the eyes of the foreign grower are on us, as the
very best varieties of to-day are either of American origin or
imported from Japan through American houses. | Whether
this result has been brought about through better climatic
conditions for ripening the seed and closer contiguity to
Japan, or through other more subtle influences, need not
enter into a review of the subject of these notes.

Prominent among the varieties received from Europe
within the past three years, which is as far as it appears
necessary to go backward, is Charles Davis, a bronze sport
from Viviand Morel. Beauty of Exmouth is a vry fine
white, but a little weak in the neck for exhibition on long
stems. Shown ona board, this beautiful variety is seen at

its best. \We have a good creamy-white sort in Mdlle.
Therese Rey, and J. Shrimpton, of bright crimson color,
might be called an improved Cullingfordii. L’Enfant des
Deux Mondes, the white sport from Louis Boehmer, is
excellent, and Florence Davis a very pretty white flower,
tinged green. The latter variety, however, is troubled
with a weakness of the neck, an infirmity by the way
which we seem more anxious to avoid than the growers
across the Atlantic, and simply because we no longer use
the old-fashion-d boards in our exhibitions. The main
interest in European varieties centers now around the
Delaux early-flowering sorts. These cannot compete in
size and color with the great mass of later-flowering kinds ;
but for open air culture, the latter are practically useless
in northern latitudes.

Too much stress has been laid, I think, on the fitness or
The
Chrysanthemum Society of America, being composed
mainly of men who are growing the Chrysanthemum for
cut flowers, is prone to regard new varieties from one point
of view only. This I regard as a mistake.
is broader than the cut-flower market, and there is room
without crowding for the cut-flower varieties, the pompons.
the Anemones, the singles, the tasselled and all the other
quaint forms. If, then, the committees of our Chrysan-
themum society cannot see merit in any variety unless it is
of a stated size and shape, or without certain lines of color,
they should state distinctly that they speak only from the
standpoint of the cut-flower grower. This would clear up
a wrong impression which obtains in some quarters, viz.,
that they constitute the last court of appeal on everything
connected with new varieties of Chrysanthemums.

We want greater variety both of form and color in the
flowers, if this plant is to retain its hold upon the people.
The Delaux or September-flowering section fills an impor-
tant position in this regard, and it is to be hoped that such
improvement will be made in them as has been made in the
later- flowering varieties. The list is a long one, but the
following are the cream of the tested sorts, all of which
were in fall bloom October 15th, of last year, and some of
them in flower as early as September 25th Mdme.
Charvin, rosy pink, white shadings; Eugene Farez, deep
bronze, golden reverse; M. Gustave Grunerwald, lilac
pink, a grand variety; Mdlle. Fleurot, white, tipped rose ;
Mdme. Gastellier, white, in bloom September 25th; M.
Lefrancois, light pink, marked white; Veuve Clicquot,
dull red acd yellow; M. Frederic L’Usmayer, yellow and

unfitness of certain varieties for cut-flower purposes.

Horticulture

30 INSECT FRIENDS

crimson; M. Henri Galice, red and yeilow; Mdme.
Pichon, light pink; Georges Devred, canary-yellow ;
Mdme. Veuve Pasquier, creamy-white ; Mdme. Ferdinand
Bergman, pure white; Mdme. Greard, creamy-white ;
Mdme. Mathilde Cassagneau, light rose, reverse silvery-
pink; Mdme. Mathilde Bettziche, creamy-white, marked
light rose, lemon center; M. Valery Larbaut, deep ro-e
and creamy-white, dwarf habit; Duchesse de Crussol,
rich chrome yellow, reddish center; J. B. Duvoir, light
pink, changing to white; Mdme. Marie Constans, silvery-
white, lemon center; Gaetan de Venoge, yellow, rose
edges; Mdlle. Jacob, white and lilac; Chev. Ange Ban-
diera, a grand variety, pink and white, with yellow center ;
Albert Chausson, yellow and deep crimson; M. Francois
Kkatzer, deep rose and light yellow; Jean Nicholas, glossy
rose and soft white; Mdme. B. Yung, deep crimson,
shaded red; Mdme. Louis Lionnet, white, tinged rose ;
Vice-President Hardy, golden-yellow, boraered crimson ;
a, 1B, marked white ;
Bernardin, amaranth and brilliant carmine,

Camille
edged white.

Vaucher, light red,

AND ENEMIES.

The foregoing is the best selection that could be made
from over two hundred varieties on trial.

In closing this paper I wish to make an earnest plea for
naturally grown Chrysanthemums. Feed them well and
pinch back the shoots so as to form a bush, and when the
plants are in bloom leave all the informal sprays to nod and
sway in their own graceful manner. I also want to
emphasize the fact that the garden does not seem complete
without Chrysanthemums, and many of them will bear the
chill autumn blasts without shrinking. When the leayes
are falling, the grass turning brown, and so many days
bring leaden skies, the bronzes, yellows, pinks, whites and
intermediate shades of the Chrysanthemum seem so appro-
priate in such setting that there would appear to be a
serious void without them. These September-flowering
sorts are in every way adapted to outdoor gardening,
particularly in the North, as they will perfect their blossoms
before the frosts become so severe as to injure them.

—Patrick O’Mara.
New York.

INSECT FRIENDS AND ENEMIES:

anthemums are most injurious to the plants, and

it would often seem that just as we have learned
how to effectually check the ravages of one destructive
pest, others even more rapacious come to renew the attack.
But all of the ins-c’s found on these plants are not of this
class, although it frequently happens that every creature
possessing insect characters is considered among the enemies
of vegetation. On the contrary, some insects are in reality
most helpful to the growers of decorative plants, and it
would be an excellent inves:ment cf a few leisure hours to
devote them to some investigation of the habits of insects,
so that the injurious ones could be readily distinguished
from those of a beneficial character. It is wanton folly to
destroy such insects as will enable us to preserve our plants
in healthy condition.

\ LARGE number of the insects which infest Chrys-

Rather should we strive to prolong
their lives and increase their numbers. The insects most
commonly found on Chrysanthemums are here named in
alphabetical order, and some descriptions of them and their
work, with instructions for the eradication of detrimental
kinds, are given to enable the inexperienced to deal with all
according to their deserts.

Ants.—The little brown ants so common in greenhouses
and on plants grown therein are by no means injurious.
Occasionally they appear in such large numbers that their
presence is objectionable; but it should be remembered
that they are great scavengers, and while working little or
no injury to plants or structure. they speedily clear both of
a lot of detestable matter in the form of dead and dying
insects. Their presence should theretore be tolerated.

Black Aphis.—Lntomoslogists have neglected their duty
somewhat in failing to notice this much dreaded enemy of
vegetation, althovgh it has been privately described ard
given the provisional name of Aphis Domi, It multiplies
with amazing rapidity, and is found on the young shoots
and leaves of many cultivated plants, being very partial to
Chrysanthemums, deforming the foliage and destroying its
vitality. Happily, however, it is easily held in check by
the frequent application of pyrethrum powder, or by fumi-
gation with tobacco.

Caterpillars.—The green caterpillars which abcund en
the plants, indoors and out, all through the growing season,
are very destructive. They live upon the fleshy portion of
the leaves, leaving only the thin epidermal covering of the

‘upper surface, and occasionally devouring the leaves
Sometimes they also attack the soft young shoots, —

bodily.
treating them in similar fashion. They are easily traced
by their work and their blackish excrement, and they
should be at once picked off and destroyed. Usually they
are found on the under side of the leaves.

Chrysopa.—We have a friend in the larvze of the lace-
wing fly, of the group of insects known to entomologists
under the name of Chrysopa, which is an insatiable enemy
of aphides and kindred pests. This caterpillar is of grey-
ish color, and nearly an inch in length. It kills and de-
vours the minor insects in large numbers, and in this re-
spect is certainly one of the best helpers of plant growers.
The perfect insect, or fly, is extremely pretty, having
beautiful lace-like wings and golden eyes.

Green Fly. . Perhaps the most familiar of all green-

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INSECT FRIENDS AND ENEMIES. 31

house insects is the Aphis, commonly known as the green
fly. The young and tender branches of soft-wooded
plants are its favorite abode, and where once it gets a foot-
ing it speedily becomes plentiful. The insects feed upon
the juices of the plant, which soon shows the result in its
sickly appearance and ultimate death. The insects and
their deposits also render the foliage and flowers very un-
sightly, even before they have effected any serious physical
injury. Tobacco smoke is the best remedy.

Lady Birds.—There are many kinds of these beautiful
insects. The beetle-like creatures, with variously spotted
red coats, are common everywhere during the summer
months, and they sometimes make their appearance in
greenhouses in winter and spring. They and their larvae
feed largely on the various aphides, and in this way do
valuable work while they cause no injury to the plants over
and among which they crawl. Sometimes they are very
common, and appear to pervade every nook and corner,
and at other times it is difficult to find a single specimen.
They should never be destroyed, but if possible an effort
should be made to increase their number among such plants
as are subject to the attacks of aphides.

Mites.— Much hayoc was made among Verbenas some
years ago by insects commonly known as mites. This is
the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus 2-maculatus, a close rel-
ative of the red spider. It appears to be common now in
the greenhouses of many parts of the country, attacking
plants of various kinds, Chrysanthemums among the num-
ber. It is a small, whitish insect, even more minute than
the red spider, and affects the plants in much the same way.
It is extremely difficult of eradication, and thrives apace in a
dry atmosphere. The opposite conditions are not so favor-
able to its development, and greenhouses, including the
walls, paths, plants, surface soil of benches, etc., to which
it has gained access should therefore be kept continually
damp, and dampin this case does not of necessity mean
dripping wet. Persistence in this course will stamp it out
more effectually than any known insecticide; although
where it has been present in strong force, spraying with
kerosene emulsion has proved efficient in dislodging it.
The emulsion should be applied thin—twenty-five to thirty
parts of water to one of the emulsion—and often, say three
or four times a month. Two dressings applied in quick
succession will probably annihilate all the fully developed
insects on the plants, but the numerous eggs are still unaf-
fected, and in the course of a week or two tbe plants areas
bad as ever. A thin mixture is preferable to a thick one
for the reason that it spreads more readily over every part
of the plant, and some care should be taken to wet the
entire plant. The insects are generally most numerous on
the lower side of the leaves, and particular pains should be
taken in applying the mixture to these parts. It is gene-
rally supposed that the peculiar ‘‘frozen” appearance of

Golden Wedding and other varieties is due to the ravages
of these insects, but thisis a mistake. The trouble with
those varieties is of an altogether different nature, and one
that is traceable to a fungus, Botrytis infestans, which may
be destroyed by a liberal use of Bordeaux mixture.

Red Spider.—Like the preceding, the red spider,
Tetranychus telarius of scientists, is so small that it has
often done serious injury before it is noticed. In a dry
atmosphere it forms a regular maze of web-work on the
under side of the leaves of the plants, and, if unchecked,
in time extends its railroads of destruction over every part
of the entire collection, sapping their vitality until they
become blanched, withered and lifeless. The dry condi-
tions are as essential to its existence as the juices of the
plant which form its food, and therefore the treatment
prescribed for the two-spotted mite is also the best in its
case.

Syrphus.—lIt is pleasant to turn from these bold
enemies to another of our friends in the larvee of the
Syrphus fly. It is a brownish creature, about half an inch
in length, much enlarged behind and pointed in front.
Living chiefly upon aphides, it hoists the object of its
attack on its tentacle-like beak and drains it of its life
substance,

Tarnished Plant Bug.— Among Chrysanthemum
growers this pest is perhaps better known as the Chrysan-
themum fly, and its scientific name is Lygus lineolaris.
This insect is very common, and we are indebted to it for
the injury known as blind growths or blind buds. It is of
stout build, about one-fourth of an inch in length and
of brownish or yellowish color. It attacks a great variety
of plants, and seems especially fond of Chrysanthemums.
Anyone who has collected seeds of our hardy herbaceous
perennials in autumn must have come in contact with it,
for it abounds in the flower heads of Asters, Solidagos, and
the like, and may be at once recognized from its disagree-
able odor when bruised. It punctures the young growth,
buds and leaves of Chrysanthemums, extracting and
subsisting on their juices, and thus renders them useless.
Pyrethrum powder and kerosene emulsion are the best
preventives of its attacks, and where the insects are few
in number they may be collected by hand with little
trouble.

Thrips,—Several species of these little insects infest
garden plants. It is known that they injure the foliage by
mutilation and by withdrawing its fluids, and their black
deposits have the effect of putting a decided stop to the
development of the leaves. When the dark, roundish
spots are noticed, both surfaces of the leaves of plants out
of doors should be thoroughly sprayed with tobacco-water,
and plants in similar circumstances under glass should be

fumigated with tobacco.
—M. B.

AUSTRALIAN METHODS.

said to be in its infancy—a very promising baby so

far, but still undeveloped. Seven years ago I
attended a show of the Horticultural Society of New
South Wales, and there first paid my homage to our queen.
I have not been long enough in the country to know the
previous history of the flower, but the samples then
exhibited would pass unnoticed beside those of last season.
The soil and climate differ so widely, according to locality,
in this country, that it is only natural to hear a variety of
opinions as to the sorts that thrive most satisfactorily under
the different conditions.
radius of Sydney there is the sandstone district, with a
light and poor sandy loam, and the district of heavy clay,
overlying shale. Again, near the coast, as at Sydney, we
have a heavy rainfall—from fifty to one hundred inches per
annum—and a continually moist atmosphere during the
growing season ; whereas, in the districts west of the Blue
Mountains, the air is dry, while the soil in places is
extremely rich, especially along the courses of the main
rivers, where the alluvial flats indicate the future home of
the Australian Chrysanthemum grower. My experiences,
however, have not extended beyond Sydney, and I will
therefore confine my rcmarks to that district.

T = culture of Chrysanthemums in Austraiia may be

For instance, within a six-mile

Chrysanthemums here are grown for exhibition in two
ways, either in pots or the open ground. The methods of
pot culture are, I presume, common to the whole world.
But since the management requires more time and care
than most people can afford, this plan is only adopted by
a few. There is, nevertheless, one essential difference
in the treatment here as compared with that of England
at least, viz., that the plants which have throughout their
entire growth remained in the open air, are not removed to
glass houses to bloom, but are protected from sun and rain
by calico, or removed to any cool shelter, as a verandah or
shed. The system generally pursued here is that of open
garden culture, the following details of which apply to my
own process. This I find differs somewhat from that of
other growers, notably in the space allotted to each plant,
and in the manner of training, I will begin the year’s
work in June, as the flowers are then past, and the
unsightly growth has been removed. The old stools, now
vigorous in the production of suckers, are taken up and
planted again in a warm, airy situation, giving them a
thorough dressing of lime to keep off slugs during the
winter. The ground is then trenched lightly and left fallow
until spring. In September it is again broken up, digging
in a plentiful supply of farmyard or stable manure, also a
little lime. October and November are the best months
for planting. The sun is then very hot at times, conse-
quently a cloudy day is usually chosen for this important
operation.

About a month previous to this the cuttings have been
taken from the old plants, and propagated in light soil care-
fully prepared, either in boxes or in the open ground.

Many growers do not trouble even about cuttings, merely
taking a rooted sucker from the parent piant. I have tried
both and prefer the cuttings as usually affording dwarf
plants of the sturdiest character, and the least liable to
produce suckers, The rooted cuttings are planted two feet
apart in rows two feet six inches or three feet asunder.
The plants are arranged in the rows according to the height
of the varieties, and stout stakes from four to seven feet
high are driven in the ground beside them, one to each
plant. As summer advances a mulch of stable litter is
applied to the soil, and in dry weather the foliage and roots
of the plants are well watered every alternate evening.
The principal work now is the pinching of the laterals, each
plant being allowed to mature from three to six flowers,
more or less according to the strength of the variety.
Grandiflorum, for example, also Sunflower and Edwin
Molyneux, will carry six flowers, while Lady Trevor Law-
rence, Mdme. Clemence Audiguier and others will bear
only three good blooms. In training the plants, thin
laths—those used by builders for plaster work, costing here
about thirty-eight cents per hundred—are tied to the stakes
horizontally, forming a trellis work. The tallest plants
require three rows of laths, the medium two and the dwarfs
one. The flower stems are tied to these with raffa, the
last tie being about three inches under the flower bud. This
plan is very efficacious against the heavy southerly gales
which are prevalent throughout the summer, and it also
enables the grower to pass between the rows without dam-
aging the branches, besides giving a generally neat and
orderly appearance to the plantation.

In January and February the pleasures of the chase com-
mence, or in other words, the caterpillars must be hunted.
The most troublesome of these is a small green one similar
to that found on Rose leaves, and is to be detected by the
curled leaf in which it encases itself. Uniess constant
search is made for this epicure, failure is certain, as nothing
seems to satisfy it but the young growth at the apex of the
stem. Later ona larger caterpillar will destroy an opening
flower in asingle night. Other insect pests, such as slugs,

earwigs and aphides, are I believe known universally, and |

dealt with appropriately. The chief difficulty we have
comes with the flowering period, and isin guarding the
blooms from the neavy rains alternated by fierce sunshine.
The past season has been a particularly trying one. Con-
tinuous rain throughout April produced a moist atmosphere
which caused the flowers to damp off as soon as they had
developed. Under such circumstances no shelter can pre’
serve the flowers, but in general a sufficient protection is
secured by fastening a conical cap of brown paper to stakes
in such a position over each bloom as to guard it against
rain and sun. A more satisfactory way isto construct a
light framework of hardwood , over the whole bed, fixing
roller blinds of unbleached calico thereon, so that all the
plants can be covered or exposed as desired. A cheap

umbrella, preferably a white one. is another device which I
32

CANADIAN NOTES. 33

have adopted with much success, fastening it with wire to
the stake of the plant. In any case, shelter of some sort
is absolutely necessary, though I have found that too much
shading causes the pink varieties to lose their color, Etoile
de Lyon, for instance, developing a pure white flower under
prolonged shade. Liquid manure is usually given twice a
week during the month the buds take to expand, sulphate
of ammonia, soot water and cow manure in turn.

Among the varieties most in favor here, I may say that
the Japanese preponderate. Those of the incurved section
seem to require a colder and drier climate than that of
Sydney, but succeed admirably, I am informed, in the
higher inland districts.
to some extent.

For this reason they are neglected
However, I have noticed the following as
the best incurved varieties yet exhibited in our city.
Jeanne d’Arc, Jardin des Plantes, Lord Wolseley, Anto-
nelli, Eve, Mabel Ward, Miss M. A. Haggis, Mrs. G.
Rundle, Prince Alfred, Baron Beust, Miss Violet Tomlin,
Guernsey Nugget, Ami Hoste, Empress of India, Lady
Dorothy, Lord Eversley, Globe White, and M. R. Bahuant.
It is noticeable that the Queen of England family,
Lord Alces‘er, etc., are rarely exhibited, from the fact
,that they seldom show their true character here, generally
coming out a straggling reflexed flower. I have given up
this entire group in consequence. The most popular
Japanese varieties are Lady T. Lawrence, Sunflower,
E. Molyneux, Viviand Morel, Syringa, with its white
sport; Thunberg, Etoile de Lyon,
Mdme. C. Audiguier, Maiden’s Blush, W. H. Lincoln,
C mte de Germiny, Mrs. Fottler, Mrs. A. Carnegie,
Eynsford White, Pelican, Mrs. Dunnett, with its sport,

Mr. A. H. Neve,

Mr. C. Bennett, originated in the garden of Mr. Bradley,
Sydney ; Mrs. Irving Clark, Grandiflorum, Violet Rose,
Stanstead Surprise, L. Canning, Condor, Puritan, Val
d’Andorre, Coronet, Mrs. Langtry, Mdlle. Paul Dutour,
Mrs. W.K. Harris, Hamlet, Mrs. E. W. Clarke, Miss Annie
Hartshorn, Mrs. C. W. Wheeler, Louis Boehmer, Mrs. J.
Wright, Anna M. Payne, Mrs. C. Orchard, Ada Spaulding,
William Stevens, Mr. H. Cannell, Pride of Madford, a
beautiful Melbourne variety ; Wm. Tricker, J. 5. Dibbens,
G. F. Moseman, Beauty of Castlehill, Mrs. E. D. Adams,
E. G. Hill, and Cesare Costa, The reflexed varieties are
very seldom grown, Cullingfordii and King of the Crim-
sons being the most prominent. The Anemones are
coming into notice, as I have recently seen good blooms
of some leading sorts, Seedlings of various types have
been produced and exhibited here during the past three
years, and some of them promise well.

The year 1892 is memorable for the foundation of the
Australian Chrysanthemum Society, which it is hoped will
do something to increase popular interest in the flower and
stimulate the energies of growers in general. The prime
mover in this association is Mr. Alfred Lee. The most
successful exhibitor, and perhaps the largest grower in New
South Wales, is Mr. Robert Forsyth, of North Sydney,
whose gardener, Mr. Gates, has grown some wonderful
specimens. With regard to the size of our blooms, I may
say that the largest I have seen was one of Pelican, which
measured ten inches in diameter. The average exhibition
flowers are from five to eight inches across, while the depth
seldom exceeds three inches. —H. J. Carter.

Sydney, New South Wales.

CANADIAN NOTES.

not a very long one, as previous to our first show
A few
private growers with greenhouses had small collections,
mostly imported from England, and made up in great part
of various forms of the Chinese and pompon types. The
florists only grew a few of them. Elaine was then con-
sidered the best white. Tokio I also remember as a bronzy
yellow ; but there was no attempt to disbud, or to go in at
I think it a great pity that

ye history of the Chrysanthemum in Canada is

in 1890 it was not very much grown.

all for large exhibition flowers.

the pompons have been a'most entirely discarded. There
are still a few of them to be seen, but very few. They
make the prettiest little bush plants imaginable. Since

1890 the improvement in the varieties grown, style of
cultivation and the size of the blooms have ben simply
wonderful. And now we have all the new varieties up to
date, while our annual exhibitions bring out biooms of as
fine quality as are te be seen anywhere. There seems to
be no flagging in the enthusiasm either of the florists or
Indeed, it rather spreads from year
As a matter of fact I cannot

the general public.
to year, and well it may.
think of a better flower for making a show bright and

attractive in the eyes of all the people, or one calculated as
capable of doing so much good work in promotion of the
best interests of floriculture in particular, and incidentally
of gardening in general.

Roses and Carnations, of course, have a place in these
exhibitions, and it has been demonstrated that their
introduction does not in any way affect the popularity of
the Chrysanthemums. The people come primarily to see
the Chrysanthemums, but we have found that a variety of
attractions is by no mzans distasteful to them.

1 have forwarded you a copy of our latest prize list, and
you will see from it that the prizes are given simply for
plants and blooms of Chrysanthemums, without regard as
to the class—incurved, Japanese, pompon or Anemone—to
which they belong. Next year I think we shall probably
make a radical change in it and call for flowers and plants
of the various types, though I am afraid it is going to be
rather difficult to draw the line as to where the types begin
and end. But something has to be done in that direction,
or we shall soon leave out beauty altogether and get
nothing but size. —A.H. Ewing.

Toronto, Canada.

IN FAR

difficult question to settle with certainty. Induc-
tion, however, would suggest that C. Indicum,
which is a common weed on the hills of South China, has
a prima facie claim to the honor of being the progenitor of
the brilliant varieties that we now find in such abundant
C. Sinense, the garden Chrysanthemum of

Ole: origin of the cultivated Chrysanthemum is a

diversity.
Japan, is cultivated in China, and is supposed by some
to be of Japanese origin. But there happens to be evidence
that the Japanese owe their semi-civilization to China; and
it is probable that the partially improved Chrysanthemum
was introduced from the latter country, and being stim-
ulated by favorable conditions of climate and high cultiva-
tion, acquired its distinct characteristics.

It is difficult to say when the Chrysanthemum was first
mentioned in Chinese literature. On the authority of Dr.
II. Trimen we learn that C. Indicum was cultivated in
Ceylon before 1678, but I have been told that Chinese
works of a much earlier date refer to the Kuk Fa, or

4 5

Chrysanthemum. Unfortunately the term has recently
been applied, rather indiscriminately, to such plants as the
Chinese Aster (Callistephus), the Marigold (Calendula),
and the double forms of Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) and
the common European Daisy (Bellis perennis), etc. An
analysis of the written character occas onally gives a hint
as to the origin of a Chinese name, and in this case the
term Kuk Fa (1), that is, Chrysanthemum Flower, has its
significance. The character kuk (2), when reduced to its
elements, is formed from the radicals tso (3) plants, pau
(4), a bunch, and mai (5), seeds, and the consolidated
character has a formative in the work kuk (6), a closed
hand, or to grasp, which has the same verbal sound and is
formed of the same radicals, with the addition of the
radical shau (7), a hand. The numbers following the
Chinese terms refer to the written form of these words here
reproduced, which will perhaps convey a better understand-
ing of the writer’s idea than any English explanation.

At this time it seems very probable that the term had

CHINA.

been chosen cn account of the resemblance cf the florets
of the Chrysanthemum to the fingers of the hand when
closed inward on the palm. And this is the meaning of
the word as given me by my Chinese tutor, so that the
literal translation of Kuk Fa would be Closed Hand
Flower. Now this would suggest the important probability
that the incurved Chrysanthemum must have been known
to the Chinese at a period when their written language was
still in process of development. The word ‘‘kuk,” to
incurve the fingers, or to grasp, has every appearance of
having been formed from the older word ‘“kuk,” an
incurved Chrysanthemum. The sequence of the radical
formation and identity of the verbal sound and tone marks
all point to this conclusion. If some Chinese sinologue
could give the date of the publication in which the term
‘*kuk”’ first appeared, an interesting light might be thrown
on the antiquity of Chrysanthemum culture in China, as I
think we may safely assume that the incurved variety i; a
cultivated form.

6 7

Frequent mention is made of the Kuk Fa in Chinese
poetry and folklore, and Celestial artists of bygone ages
embellisned frescoed walls and screens with pictures of the

flowers ; and it still ranks with the Paeony and the New -

Year Lily (Narcissus Tazetta) as one of the favorite flowers
of that remarkable race of people. In South China the
cultivation of the Chrysanthemum is attended with some
difficulty, due to the extreme heat and moisture of the sum-
mer months. It is usually grown in a shady position. The
soil used is the rich manurial mud which accumulates in a
shale-like sediment in their rivers and ponds. This is
broken up into disks about an inch in diameter, after being
dried in the sun, and is then thrown into the pots without
crccks or any kind of drainage. But there is little danger
of water becoming stagnant in the compost, as the disks
retain their knobby form and thus preserve a free passage
for both air and water. The hair of pigs is frequently
mixed with the soil, and this also tends to keep the compost

open where it might otherwise prove to be too retentive.
34

VAT TETLEES, MOL

Cuttings are taken with a heel shortly after the plants
have ceased flowering. Mud of the same character as that
used in potting is dried, ground down fine, mixed with
water and kneaded into the form of a paste. A small
pellet of this, about the size of a marble, is worked around
the base of each cutting; and the desired number of
cuttings having been treated in this way, they are then
plunged in a pan containing sand. The sand is kept
moist until the roots of the cuttings begin to show through
the pellets, when the plants are transferred to their perma-
nent pots. Four or five cuttings, with the pellets intact,
are planted in a pot ten or twelve inches in diameter by
four or five inches deep. The Chinese do not believe
in shifting their plants a second time Neither do they
believe in watering them while the sun is shining; they
water overhead morning and evening. The plants fre-
quently wilt badly during the day, but recover again at
night. One would suppose that the constant wilting would
cause them to lose their lower leaves, but the Chinese
overcome this in training their plants.

When the stems are about nine inches high, they are
bent down horizontally around the pot, two or three inches
‘from the soil. The tops are then pinched off, and two or
three laterals from the back nodes are trained up as flower-
ing stems. It is only the cuttings taken very late in the
season that are allowed to grow at will and bloom on their
original points. The Chinese gardeners are well aware of
the importance of disbudding, when large flowers are re-
quired ; but they do not practice it to the rigorous extent
of leaving only one bud on the stem. They are exceed-
ingly expert in grafting, and often work a few different

VARIBRIES OF

GREAT advance has been made in the Chrysan-
A themum during the past ten years, in the size and
form as well as in the color of the flowers, and
this leads one to contemplate as to where we shall end.
Grand as are many of the varieties, the ideal is not yet
reached, at any rate not in all the classes. So far as mere
size is concerned, we have attained all that possibly can be
desired. Anything larger than many of the varieties now
cultivated would be simply a monstrosity ; and it certainly
would exceed the boundary line of good taste, so that we
may well dismiss the quality of size as having reached a
satisfactory limit. We may yet make good progress in the
form and color of the flowers; also in the habit of the
plant. And, of course, growers will differ in opinion as to
what constitutes perfection in each and every attribute ;
and so long as we have exhibition growers, commercial
growers, and those who cultivate the plants out of pure
regard for them, so long will variation in the plants and
flowers continue to be sought after.
So it follows that we must have many types of perfect
form. For a bloom of medium size, I consider Ivory one

THE FULORE. 35

varieties on one stock. Their varieties are innumerable.
The Celestial is quick to detect the slightest variation be-
tween two plants that we would unhesitatingly class to-
gether, and he immediately dubs the aberrant freak witha
glorified name. Some of these names prove that the
Celestial fa wong (gardener) is a person of poetic imagina-
tion. Refulgent Loveliness, Emblem of Felicity, Sur-
passing Eminence, Golden Kapture, Heavenly Puritv, and
so on, are a few that I have translated from the written
characters. A large number of varieties of foreign origin
are now found in the treaty ports of China and other places
frequented by foreigners, and it is therefore difficult to say
what is of purely Chinese origia. Horticulture is now at
a standstill in China. Very few novelties are raised by
artificial crossing, though at one time this branch of gar-
dening must have received considerable attention. The
Chinese now live inthe delusion that horticulture, like
many other arts and accomplishments, reached perfection
many centuries ago, and to venerate the old and despise
the new has been the creed of China from times immemo-
tial. Asarace they have all the painstaking qualities
that are so essential in gardening; and shsuld the rude
awakening which Japan has recently administered to the
Celestial kingdom have permanent effect, she may rise
again on the wave of progress, and assuredly horticulture
will then advance with rapid strides. I am doubtful if the
natives of any other country have such a wealth of raw
material, and the peculiar qualities for turning it to account,
as have the inhabitants of this interesting part of the world.

—A. B. Westland.
Santa Barbara, Cal.

SOS09, JEON ONS,

of our best finished varieties, and Major Bonnaffon is
perhaps without an equal of its type. But who can say
that Niveus is not also a perfect flower, although totally
distinct from either of the foregoing? The shape of that
grand old variety, W. H. Lincoln, is considered very fine
by some; but tomy mind it is rather stiff and formal.
Mrs. Wm. H. Rand is another type quite the opposite of
Major Bonnaffon, yet what lover of Chrysanthemums would
Many varieties of different character
are similarly complete. But some are faulty in other par-
ticulars ; and thus, perhaps, it would be most accurate to
say that there are flowers which it would be impossible to
change in form with advantage ; but when the form and
color of the flowers are considered in connection with the
habit of the plants, there is yet considerable room for im-
provement.

The matter of color merits a great deal of attention on
the part of those who are making an earnest study of the
We have whites in

care to be without it ?

work of producing new varieties.
abundance, from the purest shade to the greenish tone of
Miss Minnie Wanamaker, and on to the c:eamy color of

36 CROIWN

Mayflower; there are yellows of all intermediate shades
between the rich orange of Eugene Dailledouze and the
pale straw tint of Sayonara; but in pinks and crimsons
there is a large field for endeavor. The pure pink has yet
to come, and I am of the opinion that we shall have it in
less than three years, We need a pink of the shade of a
good Grace Wilder Carnation, and a large flower of the
matchless color of Cullingfordii would be very desirable.
I feel quite safe in predicting that we shall produce good
pink and crimson varieties, with flowers of a size and form
to satisfy the keenest critic. and in addition to these, there
are doubtless many pleasant surprises in store for us in the
years tocome. The Chrysanthemum of the future will
possess individually a greater aggregation of good qualities
than most of our best varieties do now. ‘They wiil be of

CROWN BUDS

abortion, and if the plant were left to its own way

such buds would never develop. Terminals in the
large majority of cases produce the best blossoms, and they
are typical of the variety at all times.

| THINK one may safely say that a crown bud is an

—James Brydon.

Yarmouthport, Mass.

BOTH USEFUL.

There is a great difference in the growth of varieties, as
all who are at all familiar with the plants well know. I am
fully cognizant of the fact that many good growers claim
the habit of growth has little or no effect on the quality of
the flowers, but my experience has proved the opposite be-
yond a doubt. The short-jointed varieties produce the best
flowers from crown buds, and terminals develop the most
satisfactory blooms on those with lengthy internodes. But
it is advantageous to select the terminals in the latter case
for an additional reason. The stems of flowers produced
from crown buds are nearly always destitute of foliage in
a considerable space at the top, and as will be obvious, this
would be greatest in the long-jointed varieties. These
peculiarities always guide me in the selection of the buds,
and I have found that the plan works well.

—John Dyer.

Snort Fills, N. J.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

Were one to do full justice to this subject, he would
require a thorough knowledge of each variety—just think
once what that means—and I do not feel equal to the task.
One can furnish general principles, however, if not all the
details. In the first place, there are some special rules to
be observed. With the early sorts a crown bud produces a
bloom about ten days in advance of the terminal, and this
in itself is an important item. Yellow Queen and Mrs. E.
G, Hill illustrate the point in question.

Crown buds in general are preferable for exhibition flow-
ers, especially when they are shown on boards, as was for-

BUDS AND TERMINALS.

dwarf habit, or moderately so, with stout stems, and heavy,
luxuriant foliage, and the bare stem and weak neck will
gradually disappear. At the present time there are few
white varieties of better habit than Mrs. Bullock; and for a
yellow, in stem and foliage; W. H. Lincoln is unsurpassed;
while Niveus, although rather tall, has a grand stem, with
its beautiful leaves clear to the base of the flower. Maud
Dean, for stem, foliage and flower, comes pretty close to
the ideal pink. Whether the Chrysanthemum will ever
attain to the dignity of what may be justly considered a
fragrance, is a question on which I cannot pass an opinion.
I believe the advance made in this direction so trifling, if
any, that it gives us little hope for the future.

—Wm. Scott.
Buffalo, N.Y. ;

AND TERMINALS.

me:ly the practice. Foliage and stem not being taken into
account, the blooms from crown buds average larger, fuller,
clearer tone of color, and have more substance than the
terminals. Golden Hair from the crown bud is a rich
chrome yellow, and shows little suggestion of an eye; but
the terminal is of a decided bronze shade with a quite open
center. White Boehmer, or L’Enfant des Deux Mondes,
shows but little center in the crown bud. Varieties that
are inclined to produce weak, crooked stems to terminals
are comparatively straight and stiff under crowns, as we find
in E !ward Hatch, Princess of Chrysanthemums and Col.
W, B. Smith. Select crown buds and these varieties are
strong and shapely enough for any purpose. Hicks Arnold
and Golden Gate improve in color tone with similar treat-
A crown bud of Waban, well done, is one of the
largest and most perfect exhibition blooms to date, Asa
terminal it may be of large diameter, but is generally flimsy
in texture and weak in color. This isalso true of such
bronzes as Comte de Germiny, G F. Moseman, Crown
Prince and the like.

Almost all dwarf habited Chrysantaemums give the best
results from crown buds. The opposite is the general rule
with regard to the latest varieties; and as I prefer crown
buds for the earliest blooms, so I choose terminals for the
latter. For mid-season commercial use the terminals are
rather to be preferred, on account of their shorter neck and
neater foliage. But I maintain that a better show can be
secured from crown buds when the blooms are desired for
exhibition purposes only. Judged from the artistic stand-
point, there is not the all around finish—stem, foliage and
flower—in the crown bud that there is in the terminal,
hence the latter has more general utility and gives greater
satisfaction commercially as a cut flower.

These simple remarks cover the ground as to general
principles, still, of course, there are exceptions, and excep-
tions. As i have often stated, to grow a given Chrysan-
themum well, one needs to know its own separate individu-

ment.

E. A WOOD, PRESIDENT-

i\

J. N. MAY, TREASURER. E. D. SMITH, Secretary.

OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY.

See ‘‘Men of Note.”

TELE ID Ey Sel

ality. Treatment that will suit one variety is no safe rule
for another. It is useless to expect many crown buds from
late struck cuttings. Naturally these produce mostly ter-
minals, and it is the early propagated stock that is prolific
in crowns. The English experts invariably allow their
plants a long season of growth, and it is for this reason
that their writings abound with references to the crowns.
And these growers obtain magnificent blooms in this way,
but the plants that produce them are exceedingly lanky—

VARIETIES. 37
almost as tall as Jack’s famous beanstalk, I have observed
that the new growth about the crown bud develops a plant
that blooms earlier and one of more compact habit than the
ordinary soft-struck cutting. Although crown buds are
developed first, yet they require a longer time to mature
ordinarily than terminals, thus it follows that early varieties
must be started earlier than the general stock to secure the
best results.
Elmira, N. Y.

—Grove P. Rawson.

INSU, ISI

JUDICIOUS selection of varieties is of as great
AN importance as any other matter connected with
Chrysanthemum culture. Much time and labor
must be lost before one can gain an accurate knowledge of
the most suitable kinds for specific purposes and localities,
and it is with a view to lessening this expense of time,
labor and money that the following lists have been
prepared. These selections are made by people who from
long experience and observation are most competent to
give a correct estimate of the value of any variety, and all
the more important Chrysanthemum centers of the country
are represented in the reports. The best ten varieties for
making good plants, and an equal number of those that
have proved most reliable in the production of blooms for
cutting, are given in eachcase. An audit of these returns,
therefore, affords the safest means of arriving at a correct
conclusion as to the varieties of the greatest general utility.
Baltimore, Md.—P/ants—G. W. Childs, Ivory, Mrs.
J. G. Whilldin, Eda Prass, Tuxedo, Miss M. Wanamaker,
Cullingfordii, W. H. Lincoln, Mrs, Wm. Bowen, Ada
Spaulding. &/ooms—tIvory, Niveus, The Queen, Viviand
Morel, Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Wedding, Ermenilda,
G. W. Childs, Mrs. E. G. Hill, Col. W. B. Smith.—
Edwin A. Seidewitz.

Boston, Mass.—P/ants—Major Bonnaffon, G. W.
Childs, Ivory, Louis Boehmer, President Hyde, W. H.
Lincoln, J. C. Vaughan, M. Boyer, Primula, Ernst
Asmus. £/ooms—Major Bonnaffon, Eugene Dailledouze,
Mrs. Jerome Jones, Marguerite Jeffords, Niveus, Robt.
McInnes, The Queen, Golden Gate, Viviand Morel, C. B.
Whitnall.—Arthur H. Hewkes.

Buffalo, N. Y.—//ants—ivory, Mrs. W. K. Vander-

bilt, L. Canning, Mrs. J. G. Whilldin, W. H. Lincoln,
Hicks Arnold, Etoile de Lyon, Maud Dean, L. Boehmer,
Cullingfordii. B/ooms—Ivory, Niveus, The Queen, Mrs.
R. Craig, Viviand Morel, Maud Dean, Mrs. A. J. Drexel,
Yellow Queen, Mrs. C. Lippincott, W. H. Lincoln.—
Wm. Scott.

Burlington, Vt.—/P/ants—Ivory, Eda Prass, Culling-
fordii, W. H. Lincoln, Jos. H. White, Clinton Chalfant,
Miss Minnie Wanamaker, Louis Boehmer, President Hyde.
Domination. A/ooms—Ivory, Mrs. H. Cannell, Kioto,
Mrs. J. G. Whilldin, Miss M. Wanamaker, Niveus, W. H.

VARIETIES.

Lincoln, Maud Dean, Harry Balsley, Mrs. ©. Lippincott.
—W. A. Lee.

Chattanooga, Tenn.—/P/ants—lIvory, Gloriosum,
Eda Prass, Jessica, Lilian B. Bird, Mattie Bruce, Good
Gracious, Golden Wedding, Viviand Morel, W. H. Lin-
coln. Blooms—The Queen, Kioto, Good Gracious, Viviand
Morel, Waban, Mrs. Cleveland, Mrs. Harrison, Ada
Spaulding, Ed. Hatch, E. G. Hill.—Z/sabeth Fry.

Chicago, Ill.—P/ants—Niveus, The Queen, Eugene
Dailledouze, Major Bonnaffon, W. H. Lincoln, Viviand
Morel, Col. W. B. Smith, Harry Balsley, G. W. Childs,
Maud Dean. Alooms—lLady Playfair, Viviand Morel,
Eugene Dailledouze, Major Bonnaffon, The Queen, Harry
Balsley, Mutual Friend, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Col. W. B.
Smith, Wm. Seward.—/ohn Thorpe.

Cincinnati, O.—P/ants—Ivory, G. W. Childs, H. L.
Sunderbruch, W. H. Lincoln, Domination, Princess Beat-
rice, Hicks Arnold, Viviand Morel, Ada Spaulding, Mutual
Friend. Alooms—Challenge, Ada Spaulding, Viviand
Morel, Eugene Dailledouze, The Queen, President W. R.
Smith, G. W. Childs, H. L. Sunderbruch, Miss Minnie
Wanamaker, Ivory.—H. L. Sunderbruch.

Denver, Colo.—The following lists were prepared by
the leading growers cf Denver, and forwarded through the
courtesy of Mr. E. A. Wood. P/ants—W. H. Lincoln,
G. W. Childs, Niveus, Miss M. Clarke, Hicks Arnold, E.
G. Hill, Viviand Morel, Lady Trevor Lawrence, Louis
Boehmer, L. Canning. 4/oo7s—Niveus, Mrs. Jerome
Jones, Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Wedding, Major Bor-
naffon, Viviand Morel, President W. R. Smith, Harry
Balsley, Robt. McInnes, G. W. Childs.—Denver Growers.

Detroit, Mich.—P/ants—Ivory, Miss Minnie Wana-
maker, L’Enfant des Deux Mondes, W. H. Lincoln, Clin-
ton Chalfant, Golden Hair, Improved Louis Boehmer, Eda
Prass, G. W. Childs, Portia. /oov72s—Ivory, The Queen,
Niveus, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Mrs. E. G. Hill, Harry Bals-
ley, Ermenilda, Marion Henderson, Eugene Dailledouze,
W. H. Lincoln.—Zimer D. Smith.

Hartford, Conn.—/P/un/s—Hicks Arnold, Golden
Gate, Mrs. John H Starin, Ivory, Good Gracious, Mrs.
Jas. B. Crane, W. H. Lincoln, Pitcher & Manda, G. W.
Childs, Cullingfordii. /o0oms—Niveus, Ivory, Jessica,
Golden Wedding, Eugene Dailledouze, Viviand Morel,

38 HIDIE SBIBS TL
Maud Dean, Cullingfordii, G. W. Childs, Hicks Arnold.—
John Dallas.

Indianapolis, Ind.— P/ax/s— Domination, Jos. H.
White, Ivory, L. Canning, Major Bonnaffon, W. H. Lin-
coln, Hicks Arnold Falstaff, Eda Prass, G. W. Childs.
Blooms—Niveus, The Queen, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Eugene
Dailledouze Major Bonnaffon, Golden Wedding, H. L.
Sunderbruch, Mrs. E. G. Hill, Viviand Morel, G. W.
Childs.— Vm. G. Bertermann,

Louisville, Ky.—/ants—Mrs. W. F. Norton, Jos.
H. White, Eda Prass, Good Gracious, G. W. Childs, Clin-
ton Chalfant, H. L. Sunderbruch, Major Bonnaffon, Kioto,
Jessica. Blooms—Marie Louise, The Qucen, Niveus,
Mrs. E. G. Hill, Lady Playfair, President W. R. Smith,
Yellow Queen, Golden Wedding, Major Bonnaffon, Apollo,
Lenry Nanz.

Milwaukee, Wis.—P/ants—Ivory, Gloriosum, Jos.
H. White, Cullingfordii, Major Bonnaffon, The Queen,
Jessica, L. Canning, Louis Boehmer, Viviand Morel.
Blooms—Niveus, Eugene Dailledouze, President W. R.
Smith, Ed. Hatch, Harry May, Miss Minnie Wanamaker,
Domination, W. H. Linco!n, The Queen, Viviand Morel.
John M. Dunlop.

Mobile, Ala.—Plants—G. W. Childs, L. Canning,
Eda Prass, Mermaid, Mary Wheeler, Miss Kate Brown,
Mrs. E. W. Clark, Century, L’ Enfant des Deux Mondes,
C. B. Whitnall. A/eo0ms—Eugene Dailledouze, Golden
Wedding, Niveus, The Queen, President W. R. Smith, Dr.
Callandreau, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Mrs. A. Carnegie, V, H.
Hallock, Lady Trevor Lawrence.—MJaria Minge.

Montreal, Can.—/P/ants—Ivory, L. Canning, Domi-
nation, W. H. Lincoln, Tokio, Duchess, Mdme. E. Fabre,
Golden Rod, G. W. Childs, Hicks Arnold. 4/coms—The
Queen, Niveus, Golden Wedding, Viviand Morel, W. H.
Lincoln, Mrs. Geo. West, Domination, Mrs. F. L. Ames,
E. G. Hill, Harry May.—/ames McKenna.

Newport, R. I.—P/ants—A. G. Ramsay, Harry May,
Marie Louise, Niveus, Jos. H. White, Viviand Morel, Ed.
Hatch, Goliath, Major Bonnaffon, Minerva. 2looms—
Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Wedding, Niveus, H. L. Sun-
derbruch, Viviand Morel, Frank Thomson, Viscountess
Hambledon, G. W. Childs, Harry Balsley, Mrs. Jerome
Jones.—A lexander MacLellan.

New York, N. Y.—P/ants—Viviand Morel, Maud
Dean, Ivory, The Queen, L. Canning, W. H. Lincoln,
Minerva, G. W. Chiids, Hicks Arnold, Inter Ocean.
Blooms—Eugene Dailledouze, Major Bonnaffon, W. H.
Lincoln, Niveus, Mrs. Jerome Jones, Viviand Morel, Maud
Dean, Ada H. LeRoy, G. W. Childs, Mrs. A. J. Drexel.—
Eugene Dailledouze.

Philadelphia, Pa.—?/axts—Ivory, Miss Minnie Wan-
amaker, W. H. Lincoln, Domination, Major Bonnaffon,
G. W. Childs, Cullingfordii, Source d’Or, Eda Prass,
Ermenilda. #/ooms—Viviand Morel, Niveus, Miss Minnie
Wanamaker, Mayflower, Eugene Dailledouze, Major Bon-
naffon, G. W. Childs, Maud Dean, Col. W. B. Smith,
The Queen.—Zdwin Lonsdale.

Portland, Me.—P/axts—Cullingfordii, Tuxedo, Dom-

VARIETIES.

ination, Ivory, W. H. Lincoln, President Hyde, Mrs.
Humphreys, Viviand Morel, Elaine, Niveus. S/ooms—
G. W. Childs, W. H. Lincoln, Kioto, Golden Wedding,
President W. R. Smith, Niveus, Ivory, Domination, Cul-
lingfordii, Miss Minnie Wanamaker.—A /exander Wallace.

San Francisco, Cal.—P/ants—The Queen, Golden
Gate, Niveus, Golden Wedding, Mrs, J. Geo. Ils, Eugene
Dailledouze, Viviand Morel, Charles Davis, Mrs. E. D.
Adams, Waban. Alooms—Emma Hitzeroth, H. Cannell,
Good Gracious, The Queen, Florence Davis, Challenge,
Major Bonnaffon, W. N. Rudd, W. H. Lincoln, Morning
Mist.-—Zogene E. Fohnson,

St. Louis, Mo.—/P/ants—John Lane, L. Canning,
Ivory, Harry May, Miss M. Wanamaker, Major Bonnaffon,
Louis Boehmer, W. H. Lincoln, Mrs. J. G. Whilldin,
Miss Kate Brown. Blooms—W. G. Newitt, Major Bon-
naffon, Viviand Morel, The Queen, Pitcher & Manda, H.
L. Sunderbruch, Golden Wedding, President W. R. Smith,
Harry Balsley, Mrs. C. Lippincott.— Ail Schray.

Toronto, Can.—/P/ants—Ivory, W. H. Lincoln, Pres-
ident W. R. Smith, Domination, Lilian B. Bird, G W.
Childs, Ada Spaulding, Miss M. Wanamaker, Hicks Ar-
nold, Puritan. ooms—Niveus, Mrs. James Eadie, Gol-
den Wedding, Viviand Morel, Maud Dean, The Queen,
L’Enfant des Deux Mondes, Harry May, Major Bonnaffon,
Eugene Dailledouze.—A. H. Ewing.

Washington, D. C.— Plants— The Queen, Marie
Louise, Ivory, Eugene Dailledouze, Golden Gate, Hicks
Arnold, Mrs. E. G. Hill, Viviand Morel, G. W. Childs,
Anna Woods. looms—Niveus, Golden Wedding, Yellow
Queen, Dr. Jules Callendreau, President W. R. Smitn,
The Queen, Mrs. E. G. Hill, Viviand Morel, G. W.
Childs, Mrs. Bayard Cutting.— PAilip Gauges.

Name. Plants. Votes:
TIVOLY Sees eee a ee 17
Wi He [incolne.- 2. as22= 2222852 17
G.W), Childs.2 2225222224254 e3s2 232 eee 15
Viviand\Morel!2 + 23242-4202 eee 10
Inh@ksy /Npelelo. -.-- 22222222 - 22e2sss2ece-==- JLRS
Ida, Prasses) ie sae ee 8
[eae Gann in oe 8
Majom (Bonnatton == 995 = === == e === ae See 8
Culling ford ties eee ee 7
Dominationass. = 2-ese ase eee eee eee ee 7
Wonis# Boehm crass a ee 6
Miss Minnie Wanamaker------------------=_----= 6
jose phig Elem White sess a 5
INiveus}ic 2522.05 PS ss eee 5
Mheyi@Queeneas 2 eee oes ea = ee ee 5
Adam Spauldin gis ee 3
Clinton @haltantes= sees se eee 3
Eugene Dailledouze----_--------------=--===----— 3
Golden Gates= a sa eee 3
Good! (Gracious. 22-2. 222522622 Sass eee 3
Jessicay2 20S. es. 5 eS ee ee ees 3
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Name. Votes.
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TREN ITSY' ANU UE AS es See ee he 2
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VARIETIES.

Name. Vi

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CAB AWihitnall ese eee ae a eee ees
Florence Davis

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40 PROGRESS JN
Name. Votes.
Mrs. F.
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Mrs.

Wo fst, Isle 35
Viscountess Hambledon---------------- -------- =
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Hoe HH We HR Oe WR OR eH OH HW A AOR

PROGRESS IN

there was anything like a general settlement of this

country, and the most progressive nations fail to
make any large amount of progress, even under the most
favorable circumstances, in so short a period. But a great
deal can be done with a fertile soil in a temperate climate,
and the early colonists soon learned to turn these to advan-
tage. The love of gardening, however, is so strong in the
English speaking races that I feel almost certain it would
assert itself in a desert. These people, indeed, on your
own continent, as well as in most other parts of the world,
have made many wildernesses bloom as veritable gardens.
It is not strange, therefore, befriended as we are with all
that is essential to the accomplishment of good work, to
find that we have advanced in horticulture at a very rapid
pace. And horticulture never yet flourished long without
her sister art of floriculture.

Thus among other flowers we soon learned to appreciate
Chiysanthemums, and to grow them. Very soon after the
Japanese varieties had become popular in Europe, we also
took a fancy to them, and they soon became prime favor-
ites throughout the land. The enthusiasm grew until we
had to have an exhibition. It was, to be sure, only a very
small affair ; but then, it was a beginning. All things
must have a beginning. In the light of later events, it is
difficult to call this initial attempt an exhibition ; but such
it was, and a special Chrysanthemum show at that. It was
held on May 7, 1872, and the exhibits consisted of two

| ITTLE more than fifty years have elapsed since

NEW ZEALAND,

These analyses show that American varieties lead as
plants and for cut flowers. Ivory (white) and W. H, Lin-
coln (yellow) are equally good as plants, ‘The latter is an
American importation from Japan, while Ivory was raised
by Wm. K. Harris, the veteran grower of Philadelphia
The best crimson for plants, and likewise for blooms, is
John Thorpe’s G. W. Childs. The best pink for both
purposes, if the rosy tint of the flower may be so designated,
is the European Viviand Morel, and Hicks Arneld, one of
Pitcher & Manda’s varieties, leads the bronzes as a plant
The peerless Niveus (white) of Smith & Son is given the
position of honor as a cut flower, closely followed by The
Queen, Fred S, Walz’s grand variety of the same color.
Hill’s magnificent Eugene Dailledouze is considered the
best yellow for cut blooms, and Henderson’s imported
Golden Wedding has many admirers.

—M. B.

NEW ZEALAND.

stands of eighteen blooms each. Auckland, Napier, Wel-
lington, Nelson, Christchurch, Timaru and Dunedin are
all famous for their Chrysanthemums, and there is much
encouraging work going on in smaller centers. The last
exhibition, held under the auspices of the Christchurch
Horticultural Society, would have been a very grand affair
had not a great many of the exhibits suffered rather severely
from a prolonged period of wet weather. But even as it
was, there were many fine blooms of the popular varieties.
Some varieties recently imported from England and Amer-
ica received a large share of attention. Among others I
noticed as being particularly good, Viviand Morel, Wm.
Tricker, Alberic Lunden, W. W. Coles, R. C. Kingston,
Louis Boehmer, Lilian B. Bird, C. E. Shea, Etoile de
Lyon, W. H. Lincoln, Mdme. Baco, Eynsford White,
Miss Annie Hartshorn and Avalanche. The growers of
exhibition blooms have pretty generally adopted the Moly-
neux course of culture, and good decorative specimens of
dwarf habit are obtained by cutting down the plants to
within six inches of the soil aboutmid-summer. There are
several parties interested in the production of seedlings in
various parts of the country, but I have had no recent
reports of their work. Two of my own seedlings are very
promising. One of these, which I have named Rosy
Morn, has florets curled and interlaced in the form of a
ball. The other resembles Edwin Molyneux a good deal,
the center very full —John Dutton.
Christchurch, New Zealand.

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PHILADELPHIA.
NATURAL SIZE.

AMERICAN VARIETIES OF

origin which are not named in this list; but while no

effort has been spared to make it complete and reliable,
the compiler will be glad to have particulars of others which
should find a place here:—

Autumn Leaves ( Spau/ding).—Stem strong and erect.
Flower large and full. Florets straight and spreading ;
broad ; heavy substance; creamy white, mottled red and
tipped light yellow.

Brigand (Sfaz/cing).—Stem dwarf, straight and strong.
Flower large and full. Florets somewhat reflexed; deep
crimson in color.

Bronze Giant (Spaz/ding).— Stem robust and erect.
Flower very large and fuil. Florets incurved ; broad ; firm
of texture ; yellow. shaded red.

Burt Eddy ( Vazzhan).—Stem stout and erect. Flower
very large and full. Jlorets reflexed ; the dull purple color
is poor.

Camille d’Arville (Spaz/ding).—Stem stout and erect.
Flower of medium size; very full, and of good form.
Florets straight ; strong in texture ; white, tinged salmon.

Chipeta (Smith & Son).—Stem four and a half feet
high, strong and erect. Flower very large and full. Florets
well incurved ; color light bronze.

Crystalina ( Vazehan).—Stem stout and erect. Flower
medium size, full. Florets narrow; medium in substance,
and of pure white color.

Dean Hole (47ay).—Stem three and a half feet high,
strong and erect. Flower very large; full and of good
form. Florets incurved ; broad ; pale pink.

Diavola ( Spauiding).—A variety with very large flowers.
Florets spreading ; colorcreamy white, marked and shaded
with red and yellow.

Dr. W. A. Wakeley (Sau/ding)—Stem stout and
erect. Flower large, full and globular.
broad; heavy substance; light bronze.

Edith Smith (Sjaw/ding).—Stem dwarf and of good
strength. Flower large and full. Florets reflexed, those
in the center incurved ; broad ; pure white.

E. M. Bigelow (Dorner & Son).—Stem straight and
strong. Flower of large size; very full. Florets regularly
incurved, and of a deep reddish-crimson shade.

Emma N. Crosby (Sjazdding).—Stem dwarf and
solid. Flower medium size, full and of good form.
Florets incurved, the lower ones reflexed; color rich yellow.

Esther Heacock (Spaulding).—A yellow sport from
Ada Spaulding, with the characteristics and excellent
qualities of that variety.

Experiment (Spaz/ding).—Stem of medium height,
strong and erect. Flower medium size; full. Florets
spreading and twisted; color soft pink.

Ezeta (Smith & Son),—Stem four feet high, quite
strong. Flower medium size, full and of good form.

Floretsspreading; firmin texture; bright yellow. See plate.
AI

I is possible there are some new varieties of American

Florets incurved;

1895.

F. L. Atkins (Pitcher & Manda).—Stem strong and
erect. Flower large and full.
long; broad; silvery-white in color.

Fred Walz (4ock).—Stems stout and erect, about
three feet in height. Flower medium size; very full and
of good form. Florets partially incurved; color pale pink.

Gold Dust (77 & Co.). —Stem three and a half feet
high, strong and erect. Flower medium size; very full.
Florets incurved ; golden yellow.

Hallowe’en (A7// & Co.).—Stem four feet high, vigor-
ous and erect. Flower very large, fulland deep. Florets
incurved; broad; strong in substance; color dull pink.

Helen Bloodgood (<Sfawlding).—Stem strong and
erect. Flowers very large; full; perfect in form.
incurved; firm in texture; color pink.

H. W. Rieman (//7// & Co.).—Stem four feet high,
stout and erect. Flowers large and full; golden yellow.
A cross between Wm. H. Lincoln and Mrs. L. C. Madeira.

Jayne (Vaughan).—Stem strong and well furnished
with foliage. Flowers high and full, with broad, incurved
florets; color deep pink.

J. E. Lager (Pitcher & Manda) —Flowers of medium
size; full and of good form. Florets reflexed; medium in
width; color bright yellow.

Jennie Falconer (Spaziding).—Stem dwarf, strong
and erect. Flower large; full; very attractive. Florets
well incurved; broad; color bright yellow.

J. H. Troy (Pitcher & Manda).—Flower very large
and full. Florets spreading; broad; heavy in substance;
color pure white. Very early. See plate.

Latest Fad (Sfauléing).—Stem strong and erect.
Flower very large and full. Florets reflexed; very long;
broad; rich yellow in color, with crimson and bronze
variegations. See plate.

Lottie Alter (Spauiding).—A large bloom of good
quality. Florets incurved; firm in texture; color pure white.

Marie Valleau (Spau/ding).—Stem strong and erect.
Flower large, full and of good form. Florets incurved;
broad; heavy in texture; soft pink.

Marion Abbott (Sfaudding).—Stem rather weak.
Flower large and full; graceful in form. Florets well
incurved: medium width and texture; pale pink.

Maud D. Reynolds (Spaulding).—A good
flower. Florets informally incurved, the
reflexed; strong in substance; bright yellow.

Millbrook (Dorner & Son).—Stem about three feet in
height, s.out and erect. Flower very large and decorative.
Florets long and drooping; light bronze.

Miss Elma O’Farrell (Dorner & Son).—Stem four
feet high, straight and strong. Flower large and full.
Florets reflexed, and of bright reddish color.

Miss Georgiana Pitcher (Pitcher & Manda).—Stem
dwarf, stout and erect. Flower of medium size; very full.
Florets incurved;, strong in texture; bright yellow.

Florets reflexed; very

Florets

large
lower ones

42 AMERICAN

Miss Georgie Crompton (Sav/ding).—Stem strong
and erect. Fiower
broad; deep yellow. .

Miss Gladys Spaulding (Spau/ding).—Stem stout
and erect. Flower very large and full.
excellent in texture; pure white color.

Miss Louise D. Black (4777 & Co,).—Stem about
four feet high, strong and erect. Flower large, very deep
and full, Florets incurved, and of reddish-orange color.

Miss M. M, Johnson (//i// & Co.) —Stem three feet
high, erect. medium full and graceful;
florets medium width; irregularly incurved; deep yellow.
See plate.

Mrs.Chas. Woolsey ( Henderson &Co.).—An irregular
spreading flower of good decorative character; very early;
pure white.

Mrs. Henry Robinson (Pitcher &
good. Flower large, full and exceptionally fine in form.
Florets incurved ; white.

Mrs. Higinbotham (Spauiding) —Stem strong and
erect. Flower large; full and graceful. Florets
irregularly incurved ; broad; hairy ; bright pink.

Mes. H. L. Romig (Graham).—Stout stem about four
feet high. Flower medium size, very full.
creamy white.

Mrs. H. W. Emerson (Dorner &
stem, stout and erect.

large and full. Florets incurved,

Florets incurved;

Flower size;

Manda).—Stem

very

Florets incurved;

So7).—Dwarf
Flower very large and full. Florets
extra wide ; reflexed irregularly ; bright yellow.

Mrs, J. H. White (Spaulding) —Stem dwarf, strong
and erect. Flower large and full.
medium in texture ; color deep crimson.

Mrs. Moses J. Wentworth ( Vaughan).—Stem strong
and straight. Flower large and full. Florets irregularly
incurved ; weak in texture ; deep yellow.

Mrs. M. R. Parker, Jr. (Spau/ding).—Stem dwarf,
Flower large and full.
deep pink,

Florets_ reflexed ;

Florets incurved;
reverse of lighter

strong and erect.
broad ; firm in substance ;
shade.

Mrs. S. T. Murdock (Dorner &
three to four feet high, strong and erect.
size and substance ; color pale rose.

Mrs. T. E. Weidersheim (Grahay).—An early
Flower of medium size;

Son).—Stem from
Flower of good

variety of dwarf growth. fine
form ; light pink color.

Mrs. Wm. H. Hurley (Grazam).—Dwarf habit and
stiff stem. Flower large and loose; florets reflexed, and of
deep orange yellow color.

Mrs. Wm. H. Rand (Vazghaz).—A very decorative
and graceful variety. Flowers large and full. Florets
narrow, and of light texture; color deep yellow. See plate.

Nellie Elverson (47/7 & Co.).—Stem four feet in
height, stout and erect. Flower extra large, deep and full.
Florets incurved; firm in texture; color bronze.

Nemesis (J7ay).—Stems two and a half feet high,

strong and erect. Flower medium size; full and very

VARIETIES OF 1895,

decorative. Florets spreading, medium width, color deli-
cate pink.

Nyanza (Smith & Son).—Stem three and a half feet
high, very strong. Flower largeand full. Florets loosely
incurved; color bright crimson, golden reyerse.

Oakland (Dorner & Son).—Stem from four to five feet
high, straight and strong, Flower massive and full; glob-
ular inform. Florets somewhat reflexed, and of a bright
terra cotta color.

Octoroon (Spaulding) —Stem dwarf, strong and erect.
Flower large and full. Florets incurved,; firm in texture;
bright red.

Olympus (J/cy).—Stem four feet high, moderately
strong. Flower very large and full. Florets informally
incurved; broad; strong in texture; white, shaded pink.
See plate.

Parting Guest (Spazlding).—A very late variety.
Stem dwarf, stout and straight. Flower Basa ise © and
full. Florets incurved; white, tinged rose.

Philadelphia (Gyaham).—Strong in growth, with erect
stems about four and a half feet high Flower large and
globular. Florets pure white, tipped lemon-yellow. This
variety is the result of a cross between Marguerite Graham
and Mrs. C. Lippincott. See plate.

Radiance (Hi7/ & Co.).—Stem three and a half feet

high, strong and erect. Flower of good size; full and
perfect. Florets incurved; broad; firm in texture; bright
yellow.

Shavings (Vaughan).—The flower of this variety is
interesting, but it has little to recommend it from a com-
mercial or decorative standpoint.

Sunrise (J7ay).—Stem three feet high, stout and erect.
Flower large and full. Florets reflexed, a few in center
incurved; very broad; bright terra cotta red.

Thalia (.S7zth & Son).—Stem four and a half feet high,
good and strong. Flower large and full. Florets spread-
ing; firm in texture; pale pink, shaded with rose.

The Egyptian (7/7 & Co.).—Stem four feet high,
stout and stiff. Flower very large, deep and of excellent
form. Florets incurved; firm in texture; and of a striking
shade of dark red.

Trilby (J7ay).—Stem three and a half feet high; good
in strength. Flower large, full and of graceful form.
Florets spreading; pure white.

W. B. Dinsmore (Pitcher & Manda).—Stem stout
and erect. Flower of medium size; very full — Florets
irregularly incurved; strong in texture; color deep yellow.

Zipangi (Smith & Son).—Stem five feet in height,
strong and erect. Flower very large and full. Florets
partially incurved and reflexed ; color crimson lake, buff
reverse.

Zulinda (J/ay).—Stem three feet high, stout and erect.
Flower very large and full. Florets well incurved ; broad;
strong in substance ; bright pink, reverse of lighter shade.

—M, B..

NOTES AND

Cape Difficulties —About ten years ago, when the
phylioxera was beginning to show the damage it could do,
our Cape legislators thought it prudent to prohibit the
importation of plants of all kinds under any condition.
That law remained in force until two years ago, when it
was modified so as to allow bulbs, potatoes, etc., to be
imported, also plants packed without earth. During the
past year there has been a further relaxation, and plants
are now allowed to land in soil to be washed out on arrival.
The result of these laws, which were stringently carried
out, has been that except the miserable varieties introduced
long ago, we have had no Chrysanthemums at all until
within the past year. Many kinds have now been im-
ported, but these, as also their local treatment, are still in
the experiment stage, though we are hopeful of their
becoming quite popular here. I expect you will find it the
same throughout South Africa, except in Natal, which was
not included in the above legislation —7Zos. R. Sim,
King William's Town, South Africa.

Boston Exhibitions.—The first record we have of the
exhibition of Chrysanthemums in this country was in 1830,
when seventeen varieties were shown at the exhibition of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The first prizes
were offered in 1861, to the amount of seventeen dollars
only. In 1868 the exhibition was first styled the Chrysan-
themum Show, and the prizes were increased to fifty-five
dollars. These had all been Saturday shows, from twelve
to three o’clock, but in 1879 it was held on Wednesday
from noon to ten o'clock in the evening, with prizes to the
amount of one hundred and fifty dollars. In 1882, though
planned for only one day, it was so good and so much
interest was taken in it that it was kept open two days, and
this was continued until 1886, when it lasted three days
In 1890 it was planned for three days but was kept open
four days, as has been done since. Until 1888 fruits and
vegetables were shown with the Chrysanthemums, but that
year it was devoted wholly to these flowers. —fodert
Manning, Boston, Mass.

Historical Jottings.—My recollection of the Chrysan-
themum dates back over sixty years. We had then in our
gardens Tasselled Yellow, Incurved Pink, Incurved Red,
White and a few others. About 1838 (I write from mem-
ory) Messrs. Chandler & Sons, of Vauxhall, London, Eng-
land, imported a set of seedlings from France, and this
gave an impetus to their cultivation. The Messrs. Chand-
ler followed the same line of work for some years, offering
new varieties annually. Mr. Salter, then of Versailles,
France, next appeared in the field, and likewise had sets of
new sorts for sale every year up to the revolution of 1848,
when he removed to London. His subsequent work, and
the introductions in which Mr. Fortune had been instru-
mental in his various trips te China and Japan, are matters
of common knowledge. In relation to the introduction of
the plant into this country, I can give but little information.

43

GLEANINGS.

When I came in 1851, I found a very good collection
grown by Mr. Robert Buist, of Philadelphia. These
were Chinese and pompon varieties. The Japanese were
not known till a few years later, When Japan was opened
up to commerce, Robert Fortune J. G. Veitch and Thomas
Hogg sought out the worthy novelties, and what we now
know as Japanese varieties were soon to be found in both
American and European gardens. — Fohn Saul, Washing-
ton, D. C.

Fragrant Varieties.—A variety whose flowers possess
every worthy feature except perfume can be crossed with
one in which the flowers are fragrant but otherwise inferior,
thus producing, it may be, a variety with the desirable
characters of both parents. There is here a wide field for
useful and perhaps profitable experiment, and one in which
the labors and pleasures may be shared by the humblest
grower of plants. The best fragrant Chrysanthemums
known in gardens—and the list is the most complete yet
published—are as follows: Chrysipe, a good flower with
incurving florets of bright rosy-purple color, edged white ;
Cullingfordii, a beautiful velvety crimson, florets reflexed ;
Dr. Sharpe, rich amaranth purple, florets reflexed ;
Exquisite, a pure white single-flowered variety, with long,
narrow florets; Faust, one of the best incurved sorts,
florets bright purple; Gus Harris, a single flower of
medium size, outer florets bright lilac; Miss Annie Manda,
an interesting and yery beautiful variety, flowers pure
white and hairy; Mrs. Langtry, flowers single and of pale
rose color ; Nymphzea, a pure white single variety, florets
incurving with age; and Progne, deep purple flowers of
medium size, florets reflexed. ‘The last named variety is
undoubtedly the best Chrysanthemum for fragrance in cul-
tivation. It blooms most profusely, and the odor is strong,
closely resembling that of the Violet. The fragrance of
the others is sweet and agreeable, but indescribable, except
in Dr. Sharpe, which takes after Progne, and in Gus
Harris, with its Hawthorn-like perfume.— Weekly Budget.

Some Early Seedlings.—The first seedlings raised
around Boston were those of Dr. H. P. Walcott, of Cam-
bridge, who placed on exhibition some eight or ten plants
in small pots. In some of these plants the flowers were
single, and in others double or semi-double. As I remem-
ber them, they seemed to have been very inferior,
measured by our present standard; but they gave new life
to Chrysanthemum culture. They set the ball rolling, and
that it has continued to roll with most satisfactory results
is evident at every succeeding exhibition in the land. Up
to about 1884, there had been nothing done in the way of
artificial fertilization of Chrysanthemums, and it had even
been claimed that it was impossible to accomplish cross-
fertilization upon them. I determined to try the experi-
ment, and it resulted in the production of President Hyde
H. A. Gane and several other varieties. We had the
variety Source dOr at that time, and I admired its habit

44 NOTES AND

very much, and thought that if a bright yellow could be
obtained with the same habit, it would be a fine thing.
I therefore used this variety as the seed parent, and
obtained pollen with which to fertilize it from the old
biight yellow variety Fulton. This resulted in quite a
number of seedlings, among which was the one afterward
named President Hyde. The variety H. A. Gane, was the
result of a cross between Source d’Or and a pink French
variety. These seedlings were placed on exhibition in
Boston in the autumn of 1886, and were the first exhibited
in this country from hand fertilized seed.—drthur H.
Fewkes, Newton Highlands, Mass.

A Chemical Analysis.—During the past six years
Dr. A. B. Griffiths, F. R. S., (Edin.), has made complete
analyses of anumber of garden flowers, and I have now
been favored by him with an analysis of the Chrysanthe-
mum, which he has conducted during the past season. The
analysis is on the entire plant in a state of maturity, and
was obtained from a mixture of several plants, all in the
same condition of growth.

Composition of the Chrysanthemum in Parts per roo of

the Ash.

Per cent.
PO ta S Hee ea ee ae a Fe EE ee ieee 16 23
SOC creas ee rte ee se ee tree ee 10.39
ETM e = eesti meee Went ws ese eS Neen 20626
MEWS Sno eee eees eas Seecise se eece sone 10.22
Pho pone AGIl=- 222 ssteeseses ceeteecse=ses 19.52
TOMO X IGG eee ees eae er ee Re tte ae aetna 3.66
SWING AGU oc. coed sosecesseeesesosaees 4.65
Silica ieee eee Sete es sence ee ee Noe ne eme 5.99
Ghlorine? sss 22s nee nee eee eee ee aaee eae 3,06

The fresh plants contained of albuminoid nitrogen 2.92
per cent. The data thus given are remarkable in several
particulars, and show that if healthy, vigorous, and richly-
blooming plants are to be obtained, the plant-food supplies
must be of a complete nature, and in an easily assimilable

GLEANINGS.

form for sustenance and nourishment. In the first place,
the large quantity of albuminoid nitrogen shows pretty
clearly that unless nitrogenous food is supplied the plants
will starve. Many persons do not appear to realize how
plants languish in such a small-quantity of soil as is possi-
ble to be got into an ordinary garden pot ; how the piants
sicken and fall victims to fungi, etc., for want of nourish-
ment. The ash constituents show the absolute necessity
for a very full and complete supply of mineral ingredients,
and the drain there is upon the soil for the five elements
placed first on the list. Potash and phosphoric acid are not
in such large proportion as in some other garden flowers
analyzed by Dr. Griffiths, but soda, lime, and magnesia are
greatly in excess. In regard to the food supply of the
Chrysanthemum, guano should prove a useful manure, to
which bone meal might be added, applying about one-fourth
of an ounce to each five pounds of soil. The following
manurial mixtures may be recommended :

Parts.
Nitrate of potash (saltpetre)_---__----.------------ I
PB HOS phate) Ol a ee eee 2
Sup Hee 0 rae o%
Magnesia (Epsom salts)--_----_ _-_---=--==s-=== 2
Supexphosphatetofs lime see ae 3
Or this—
Parts
Kainite <2) sets some nee oie eee ae 3
Sul phateliron =e seen tne eee ee eee eee ow
Smpenphos phates eee ee ea 3
Nitratelsoda == e se ee eee nee sent pe eee I

Apply one-fourth of an ounce of the mixture to each four
pounds of soil, well incorporated before potting. The
plants may be watered every three weeks with the above
mixtures, putting one-fourth of an ounce of the manure to
each gallon of water. This may be given up to the period
of flowering. Sulphate of iron imparts a dark green color
to the leaves, and tends to keep the plants free from
disease. — ¥. F Willis in the Gardeners’ Chronicle.

Bee

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